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Ok, some more context on Scandinavian PhD studies: Kappa is also the word used in Swedish and not only in Norwegian. The official translation from the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education is "summarising chapter of a compilation thesis". For most people it's more than a chapter, but it varies between disciplines and departments (from 15 to 70 pages or something). A compilation thesis (in contrast to a monograph) in my area (information technology) usually consist of a summarising chapter and a set of already published and scientifically reviewed papers. The summarising chapter need to to the papers together and draw conclusions relating to the whole set of papers. The thesis typically represents the amount of work that goes into about five conference papers or normally sized articles. The individual papers can be written together with supervisors or other people, but at least one paper should have the PhD student as sole author to show that the student have the required skill.