Exposure to a nutritional shock in early life negatively may affect survival at older ages. ?x25B6; This paper uses the exogenous variation caused by the severe Potato Dutch famine of 1846?x2013;47 to identify causal mechanisms. ?x25B6; We find strong evidence for long-run effects of exposure to the Potato famine. ?x25B6; Boys and girls lose on average 4, respectively 2.5 years of life after age 50 after exposure at birth.

We consider the long term determinants of health among the elderly in Mexico. ?x25B6; Conditions in early life can affect health in late life through various channels. ?x25B6; Poor socio-economic status during childhood has lasting effects on elderly health. ?x25B6; Effects are somewhat weakened after controlling for wealth and education.

ADHD diagnoses are driven by subjective comparisons across children in the same grade. ?x25B6; The youngest children in school are twice as likely to use Ritalin as older children. ?x25B6; Teachers?x2019; perceptions are the mechanisms that drive these relationships.

Rising rates of ADHD have lead to the concern that ADHD is often misdiagnosed. ?x25B6; We find evidence of medically inappropriate ADHD diagnosis and treatment in school-age children. ?x25B6; Children younger than classroom peers have significantly higher rates of ADHD. ?x25B6; Age relative to peers directly affects a child's probability of being diagnosed with ADHD. ?x25B6; The relative age effect is present for both ADHD diagnosis and treatment with stimulants.

Government policy towards seafood consumption involves risk-risk trade-offs between mercury and omega-3 intakes. ?x25B6; Consumers responded to the 2001 national mercury advisory by reducing consumption of all seafood, not just high mercury seafood. ?x25B6; Central estimates suggest the net benefits from the national mercury advisory were negative.

Health workers are few, but their workload is not overwhelming. ?x25B6; There is no association between workload and effort per patient. ?x25B6; Scaling up the number of health workers is unlikely to increase quality.

This paper evaluates the Montana Meth Project, an anti-methamphetamine campaign aimed at deterring meth use among teens. ?x25B6; The findings illustrate the Montana Meth Project has had no discernable impact on meth use. ?x25B6; Meth use among youths in Montana and across the nation was trending downward long before adoption of the campaign.

One highly cited prior research article suggesting newer drugs ?x201C;pay for themselves?x201D; is fundamentally flawed. ?x25B6; Similar modelling strategies for antihypertensives run counter to established clinical trial evidence. ?x25B6; Studies that do not adequately control for unobserved characteristics that jointly determine drug choice and health expenditures are likely subject to significant bias.

 The results indicate that the stronger competition a GP faces, the more drugs tend to be prescribed to the elderly patients. ?x25B6; There is evidence that GPs?x2019; prescription style may conflict with their role as gatekeepers, and worse, may be hazardous to patients?x2019; health. ?x25B6; By exploiting the panel design of the data and suitable econometric methods, we have been able to improve the treatment of an important endogeneity problem in empirical modelling of GP behaviour. ?x25B6; A novelty of the chosen econometric approach is that attention is paid to the fact that patients tend to be attracted to GPs who fit their preferences, by treating GPs?x2019; patient composition as endogenous.

The average reduction in hospital outpatient surgical volume associated with ambulatory surgical centers is 2?x2013;4%. ?x25B6; Ambulatory surgical center entry only appears to influence a hospital's outpatient surgical volume if the facilities are within a few miles of each other. ?x25B6; The reduction in hospital outpatient surgery is not nearly large enough to offset the new procedures performed by an entering ambulatory surgical center.