terry, i do not get your logic. you are asking for my thoughts: a mathematical system can represent phenomena only if its axioms are fully satisfied by how the phenomena behave. using algebra, as you do, from x-y=d you conclude that the difference between one lack of knowledge (uncertainty 1) and a (reduced) lack of knowledge (uncertainty 2) equals an entity. in my conception of entity (QED: having physical existence as opposed to quantities and relations), this conclusion does not make sense to me. please expand the complexity of your logic to address information so that it makes sense (at least to me) klaus -----Original Message----- From: PhD-Design - This list is for discussion of PhD studies and related research in Design [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Terence Love Sent: Thursday, October 30, 2008 9:54 AM To: [log in to unmask] Subject: Re: information as an entity rather than an activity Dear Klaus, Thank you for your messageand your patience. We seem to be thinking at odds on this. Thank you for sending the file on Shannon. I understand Shannon. From my point of view, what he writes supports the position I've been presenting -and very clearly in the file you sent me. I feel the problem that is causing disagreement between us has two two aspects. Its essence is conflating 'content' and 'container' - except there are two types of 'content' and 'container' not one. You appear to be thinking that when I suggest that theory-wise the concept of information is an entity, this could be conflating content/meaning (the content of the message) with the container (the message). I'm writing about something completely different. From my perspective, it appears you are conflating content and container. We are talking, however, about two different types of content and container. Take an equation: x-y=d An example of application of such an equation is that 'x' represents one kind of uncertainty about something, 'y' represents the level of uncerttainty about it viewed from a different angle, and 'd' represents the difference in uncertainty between the two. In a previous email you used this structure to define 'information', where the parameter 'd' represents 'information'. From my perspective, and it is reasonably conventional, 'x', 'y' and 'd' are parameters (entities), '-' is an operator (process), and '=' represents a particular kind of relationship. It is in this context, I suggest in theory terms, that as a concept, 'information' ('d' as you define it) is expressed as an entity. This is ontologically and epistemologically different, however, from saying that the _meaning_ of the concept of 'information' is an entity. Two different types of content and containers. Thoughts? Best regards, Terry