Physicians, Psychologists & the Problem of "The Dark Side"
By J. Valtin
The Public Record
Tuesday, July 15, 2008
Favoured : 13
Published in : Commentary<http://www.pubrecord.org/commentary.html?task=category§ionid=1>
"Any of us could be the man who encounters his double." -- Friedrich
Durrenmat (1)
Jane Mayer's new book, The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on
Terror Turned Into a War on American
Ideals<http://www.amazon.com/Dark-Side-Inside-Terror-American/dp/0385526393/ref=sr_1_1>(not
due out in the bookstores until tomorrow), is already creating
headlines and generating controversy. This article will examine the issues
around U.S. torture practice, in light of new allegations in the book, and
review an email conversation between myself and a prominent nationally-known
psychologist whom Mayer says assisted in the planning of U.S. government
torture.
Scott Shane at The New York
Times<http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/washington/11detain.html>wrote
an article last Friday describing how Mayer reveals that the
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) told the CIA last year in a
report that the interrogation of "high-level" detainees, such as Abu
Zubaydah, "categorically" constituted torture, were illegal, and amounted to
prosecutable war crimes. Zubaydah, famously, was one of three prisoners the
government has admitted were waterboarded. A videotape of his interrogation
was destroyed by the
CIA<http://valtinsblog.blogspot.com/2008/04/closing-in-on-bushs-torture-cabal-who.html>
.
In an July 14 interview with Scott
Horton<http://www.harpers.org/archive/2008/07/hbc-90003234>at
Harper's, Jane Mayer discussed the reaction to the ICRC charges:
... Abu Zubayda claimed to have been locked in a tiny cage, in which he had
to remain doubled up for long periods of time, prior to the period when he
was waterboarded. This account — which he gave to the International
Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) — was confirmed to me independently by a
former CIA officer familiar with his interrogation....
The reaction of top Bush Administration officials to the ICRC report, from
what I can gather, has been defensive and dismissive. They reject the ICRC's
legal analysis as incorrect. Yet my reporting shows that inside the White
House there has been growing fear of criminal prosecution...
Ms. Mayer concludes that the addition of an immunity provision in the
Military Commissions Act passed by Congress in 2007 was an attempt to
address such fears among administration figures. She further opines that it
seems unlikely to her that anyone in the Bush administration will actually
face domestic prosecution for war crimes, as the "political appetite" seems
lacking. And then she adds the following (emphasis added):
An additional complicating factor is that *key members of Congress
sanctioned this program*, so many of those who might ordinarily be counted
on to lead the charge are themselves compromised.
*A Prominent Psychologist Comes Under Fire*
While medical personnel associated with the ICRC have played a heroic role
in documenting and advocating for prisoners' rights,
doctors<http://valtinsblog.blogspot.com/2007/09/doctors-decry-guantanamo-treatment.html>and
psychologists <http://www.counterpunch.org/soldz06072007.html> associated
with U.S. detention and interrogation of so-called "enemy combatants" in the
"war on terror" have not acquitted themselves with the same ethical probity.
In fact, they may be guilty of war crimes themselves.
Jane Mayer's new book also looks more closely at the utilization of SERE
techniques as a template for U.S. torture of detainees. (SERE stands for
Survival, Evasion, Resistance, & Escape, and is a military program aimed at
training U.S. soldiers for torture at the hands of vicious captors, those
who would not honor Geneva Convention protocols. Ironically, the U.S. itself
announced that "enemy combatants" are not bound by those same Geneva
agreements.)
It's been a year since SERE military psychologists James Mitchell and John
Bruce Jessen were accused, in an article by Katherine Eban in Vanity
Fair<http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/07/torture200707>,
of teaching SERE techniques to interrogators at Guantanamo and elsewhere. (I
covered the "nuts and bolts" of how SERE procedures were taught at
Guantanamo in a recent
essay<http://valtinsblog.blogspot.com/2008/06/nuts-bolts-how-us-organized-their.html>.)
According to a different article by Jane Mayer last
year<http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/08/13/070813fa_fact_mayer?printable=true>,
Mitchell utilized the theories of "learned helplessness" in implementing his
interrogation lessons. (Mr. Mitchell denied this assertion.) Mayer wrote:
Steve Kleinman, a reserve Air Force colonel and an experienced interrogator
who has known Mitchell professionally for years, said that "learned
helplessness was his whole paradigm." Mitchell, he said, "draws a diagram
showing what he says is the whole cycle. It starts with isolation. Then they
eliminate the prisoners' ability to forecast the future—when their next meal
is, when they can go to the bathroom. It creates dread and dependency. It
was the K.G.B. model. But the K.G.B. used it to get people who had turned
against the state to confess falsely. The K.G.B. wasn't after intelligence."
This torture model of dread, debility through isolation, and dependency may
have been the model of the K.G.B., but it was intellectually
codified<http://valtinsblog.blogspot.com/2007/10/beware-misdirection-on-torture-scandal_10.html>by
U.S. psychologists and psychiatrists in the 1950s, most notably in a
1956
article in the journal *Sociometry*, Brainwashing, Conditioning, and DDD
(Debility, Dependency, and
Dread)<http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-0431%28195712%2920%3A4%3C271%3ABCAD%28D%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I>.
One of the authors of this article, Harry Harlow, went on to become a
president of the American Psychological Association (APA).
In Mayer's new book, she implicates another former APA president in the
development of torture, Martin Seligman, the creator of the theory of "learned
helplessness" <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_helplessness>. I have
not seen Mayer's book, which hasn't been released yet, so my accounts come
from statements
online<http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2008/07/vice-president.html>by
Scott Horton, as well as the latter's interview with Mayer previously
cited. Horton wrote (emphasis added):
[Mayer] traces the development of the torture techniques to the work of two
contractors, Mitchell and Jessen, and disclosed the specific techniques they
developed. She notes that the techniques rely heavily on a theory called
"Learned Helplessness" developed by a Penn psychologist Martin Seligman, *who
assisted them in the process*.
Seligman <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman> is no obscure
academic, or bureaucrat. He is one of the best known psychologists in the
country, a prominent professor, and leader of the Positive
Psychology<http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/>movement,
often quoted in the nation's psychology textbooks. Mayer's
allegations about Seligman were picked up anti-torture activist and
psychologist Stephen Soldz at his
blog<http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/blog/2008/07/13/martin-seligman-second-former-apa-president-connected-to-cia-torturers/>.
This brought a rejoinder from
Seligman<http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/blog/2008/07/14/former-apa-president-martin-seligman-denies-involvement-in-developing-cia-tactics/>himself,
denying he assisted in torture in any way. He continued:
I gave a three hour lecture sponsored by SERE (the Survival, Evasion,
Resistance, Escape branch of the American armed forces) at the San Diego
Naval Base in May 2002. My topic was how American troops and American
personnel could use what is known about learned helplessness and related
findings to resist torture and evade successful interrogation by their
captors.
I was told then that since I was (and am) a civilian with no security
clearance that they could not discuss American methods of interrogation with
me. I have not had contact with SERE since that meeting. I have not worked
under government contract (or any other contract) on any aspect of
interrogation or any aspect of torture. Mr. Mitchell and Mr. Jessen were
present in the audience of about 50 others at my speech, and that was, to
the best of my knowledge, the sum total of my "assisting them in the
process."
*What Seligman Told Me*
In December 2006, following suspicions (at that time uncorroborated by
government documents) that SERE had been used to reverse-engineer torture,
as reported by Jane Mayer in a July 2005 New Yorker
article<http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/07/11/050711fa_fact4?currentPage=all>,
which mentioned Seligman by name, and by Mark Benjamin at
Salon.com<http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/06/21/cia_sere/>,
I wrote to Seligman and asked him about reports he had taught at the SERE
school. I was then researching an article on psychological research into
sensory deprivation and torture. (The article turned into a presentation at
the APA convention in 2007, and was subsequently
published<http://www.sfpa.net/docs/200712December.pdf>as "Psychology
and Research into Coercive Interrogation".) Dr. Seligman's
answer to me then (December 2006) was much the same as that made to Soldz
above.
I tried to push Seligman a little harder on the issue:
I really have only one outstanding question that remains from my original
questions: Were you aware -- or do you even believe -- that your work on
learned helplessness has been used not only to help our soldiers withstand
coercive interrogation, but to conduct such types of interrogation by U.S.
interrogators themselves?
Martin Seligman replied tersely:
I am not available for further comment. (2)
About seven months later, as further revelations about SERE and torture
surfaced, including admissions by the Pentagon Office of Inspector General
(in a report publicly released in May
2007<http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/abuse.pdf>)
that SERE reverse-engineering had taken place, and that Mitchell and Jessen
were involved, I revisited the issue with Dr. Seligman in August 2007:
When I wrote to you before, you declined to comment on my question. But I
think it is incumbent upon you now to say more about what you know, as well
as what you think, about the use of your work by military and CIA
psychologists to instigate torture. I ask you this as a colleague in the
field, and as a psychologist interested in stopping torture, and ashamed of
the actions of some in our field in perpetuating abusive behavior. I would
think you would like to clear your name, which otherwise remains linked
(even if in obscure ways) to some of the worst episodes in our nation's and
our profession's history.
Dr. Seligman replied (emphasis added):
I am entirely out of this loop, having had zero contact with SERE since my
talk in April 2002. *I know nothing at all about how they have applied LH
concepts to either help our own people or to the interrogation of prisoners.
When I asked about the latter at my talk, they told me that they could not
give me any information* at all, since I had no "classification."
My talk was about how to teach our people to resist LH [Learned
Helplessness] and my life work has been devoted to the issues of undoing LH,
not about inducing it in other human beings.
Once again, I persevered, intrigued that Seligman appeared to be admitting
that he had asked about application of "learned helplessness" techniques to
the interrogation of prisoners. Why, in December 2002, had he bothered to
ask? Was he suspicious? Did he know more than he was saying, or even worse,
had he done more than he was admitting? I wrote (emphasis in original):
I appreciate your quick reply, and I understand that *you* had nothing to do
with how LH concepts were used by others. But, given the controversy over
psychologist participation in interrogations (a vote on competing
resolutions is due at the next [APA] Council meeting), and the fact that
your ideas and research were obviously used (you even asked them about it),
what is your position *on the use* of your research by others, and on
psychologists involved in military/CIA interrogations under the current
administration?
Dr. Seligman replied:
The only "position" I am comfortable staking out is "Good science always
runs the risk of immoral application. It goes with the territory of
discovery."
*Doubling and Collaboration with Torture*
Dr. Seligman's "position" was startling. Even if one accepts his denial of
further association with the torture program initiated by the Bush
administration, utilizing SERE coercive techniques, Seligman seems to
believe it's okay to settle for a "see no evil" approach. In his point of
view, he is a scientist, a discoverer of new knowledge. If his work might be
abused, that is not a concern of his.
This is an immoral position, of course, even if not necessarily criminal, in
a forensic sense. If I could question him further, I would ask why he was
asked to give this particular "lecture" at a SERE school at this time, and
who asked him to do so. (Mayer says Seligman was connected with the CIA, but
no further details are given.) I would further ask what led him to inquire
about the possible use of SERE techniques on interrogations of prisoners,
and why, when he was waved off, he acquiesced so meekly.
For years now, Dr. Seligman has been quiet about the use of his own theories
in the application of horrifying torture techniques. Why this silence?
The situation with Seligman, like those of other psychologists and
psychiatrists who worked for the CIA's MKULTRA and like
programs<http://www.cia-on-campus.org/social/behavior.html>over forty
years ago, reminds me of the analysis Robert Jay Lifton made of
the behavior of doctors in Nazi Germany, who were implicated in anti-semitic
purges of Jews from the medicine field, and in programs of forced
sterilization, euthanasia of mental patients, and later, in the operations
of the concentration camps. (The Germans, I should note, were not the only
people to engage in forced sterilizations. The United States, too, engaged
in eugenics policies such as forced
sterilization<http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/021500-02.htm>earlier
in the twentieth century, and many doctors participated in that.)
In his book, The Nazi
Doctors<http://www.amazon.com/Nazi-Doctors-Medical-Psychology-Genocide/dp/0465049052/ref=sr_1_1>,
Lifton describes the phenomenon of "doubling", or "socialization to evil."
*Doubling* arises in the context where a professional must "function
psychologically in an environment... antithetical to his previous ethical
standards..." The person must be able to connect with both the prior,
ethical self and the new, unethical environment or institution. The
splitting of the professional self allows for an adaptation to evil and an
escape from subsequent feelings of guilt or wrong-doing, as "the second self
tends to be the one performing the 'dirty work'." What makes the entire
process so insidious is that it usually takes place outside of individual
consciousness, even as it involves "a significant change in moral
consciousness." Thus, doubling can be understood as an adaptation to an
extremely immoral culture or institution, allowing for disavowal of guilt.
(See *The Nazi Doctors*, Lifton, pp. 421-423).
We can see this in Seligman's disavowal of any wrong-doing, and even his
strong protestations of being against torture. Now, it's notoriously
difficult to psychoanalyze someone from afar, but how else are we to explain
the monumental and repeated violations of basic ethical practice by
physicians and psychologists over the years, whether it has to do with
secret study done on unknowing African-American subjects as part of the
infamous Tuskegee syphilis patients
experiments<http://www.tuskegee.edu/Global/Story.asp?s=1207586>that
lasted for forty years, until 1972; the human
plutonium radiation
experiments<http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00326640.pdf>of
the last century; the CIA mind control programs noted above; or the
development and implementation of current psychological torture programs,
which continues to date?
*Are We Morally Doomed?*
I think Jane Mayer is wrong on one point. As pointed out earlier, she is
pessimistic that this nation has the "political appetite" to bring the
perpetrators of torture to the bar of justice in his country. I hear that
from many. But where there is a will, there is, proverbially, a way. It is
not about "appetite" anymore. It is about what we *must* do, if we are not
to take that final step into the dark side, a place Vice President Cheney
so-famously told us we would have to go. We know now what awaits us there.
Worse even than the doubling of an individual like Martin Seligman is the
behavior of the professional organizations for doctors and psychologists.
The American Medical Association, while officially having a policy of not
participating in interrogations at Bush's war on terror prisons, has taken
no steps I know of to investigate or police violations of this policy. For
years, the American Psychological Association has maintained that, while
against torture, it supports psychologists working at prisons like
Guantanamo, even if they do not allow basic human rights, because supposedly
they lessen the possibility of abuse. The logic is grotesque, at best, and
grossly misleading when you realize it's psychologists who have been
implicated in organizing the abuse. But on this, the APA remains silent,
rendering that organization, in Mayer's own characterization, "worthless."
In the famous legend, Faust bargains away his soul to the devil for the
privilege of obtaining knowledge. In Goethe's
rendering<http://books.google.com/books?id=_Sbju4F0AVAC&dq=goethe%27s+faust&pg=PP1&ots=jFB89lcecv&sig=hh3VxAtqETwnZhpxQyP-FA0R5S4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result>of
the story, Faust is redeemed in the end, and the spirits who help him
remind us, "He who persists in striving ever upwards, him we can save."
(1) Quote taken from Robert Jay Lifton's The Nazi
Doctors<http://www.amazon.com/Nazi-Doctors-Medical-Psychology-Genocide/dp/0465049052/ref=sr_1_1>,
Basic Books, 1986/2000, p. 418.
(2) The quotes from my email correspondence with Dr. Seligman were the
source of some quandary for me, as I was unsure whether to utilize them. I
sought consultation for this issue with a long-time, highly respected
journalist who thought it appropriate. I do want to make clear that all who
communicate with me by voice or by writing (including email) and ask for
confidentiality or non-attribution will have their request respected. My
quotations from the Seligman correspondence with me are drawn from a
professional exchange and not, in my opinion, privileged.
Last update: Tuesday, July 15, 2008
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This extremely important report just out. More details over the next several
days. Please help spread this news. The APA can no longer distance itself
from the CIA torture trainers:
http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/blog/2008/07/13/martin-seligman-second-fo
rmer-apa-president-connected-to-cia-torturers/
Martin
<http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/blog/2008/07/13/martin-seligman-second-f
ormer-apa-president-connected-to-cia-torturers/> Seligman second former APA
President connected to CIA torturers
Stephen Soldz
Among the blockbuster revelations in Jane Mayer's new book, The
<http://www.amazon.com/Dark-Side-Inside-Terror-American/dp/0385526393/ref=pd
_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215998613&sr=8-1> Dark Side, is that world
famous psychologists and former American Psychological Association (APA)
President Martin Seligman actively aided the development of the CIA's
torture techniques, based as they were upon Seligman's "learned
helplessness" theory. Apparently Seligman aided CIA consultant torture
<http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/07/torture200707?printable
=true¤tPage=all> psychologists James
<http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/08/13/070813fa_fact_mayer?printable
=true> Mitchell and Bruce Jessen, in the development of these techniques.
Mayer's book is due out Tuesday. But Scott Horton has read it and produced a
summary, which is now posted
<http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2008/07/vice-president
.html> on Andrew Sullivan's blog. Here is the relevant section:
She traces the development of the torture techniques to the work of two
contractors, Mitchell and Jessen, and disclosed the specific techniques they
developed. She notes that the techniques rely heavily on a theory called
"Learned Helplessness" developed by a Penn psychologist Martin Seligman, who
assisted them in the process. All of this was done under the thin pretext
of being a part of the SERE program. Seligman is a former president of the
American Psychological Association. This helps explain why the APA alone
among professional healthcare provider organizations failed to unequivocally
condemn torture and mandate that its members not associate themselves with
the Bush Administration techniques.
We should remember that Seligman is the second former APA President
implicated in Mitchell and Jessen's development of the CIA torture
techniques from their SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape)
experience. Last summer it was reported that former APA President Joseph
Matarazzo had a voting
<http://www.spokesmanreview.com/tools/story_pf.asp?ID=204358> stake in
Mitchel and Jessen's CIA-consulting torture firm.
Strangely, out of the blue a few weeks ago an APA Board member sent an email
out on Association listservs proclaiming that APA had no connection with
Mitchell and Jessen:
Colleagues,
I wanted to share the fact that APA is aware of the concerns that two
Washington state psychologists were employed by the Department of Defense to
reverse-engineer survival and resistance training (which is designed to help
U.S. military personnel in the event they are captured) for use in
interrogations. These two psychologists are not APA members so are out of
the reach of the APA's ethics enforcement process but, nevertheless, APA's
position on inappropriate interrogations techniques is very clear.
In making these statements this Board members ignored an extensive web of
connections between APA and the CIA torturers that I recently detailed
<http://www.counterpunch.org/soldz06252008.html> : As I wrote then:
The APA is intensely disturbed by President Matzrazzo's possible involvement
in torture as can be gleamed from these ethically-principled quotes
<http://www.spokesmanreview.com/tools/story_pf.asp?ID=204358> from APA
leadership when Matzrazzo's involvement was revealed last summer.
Then APA President Sharon Brehm: "No comment."
APA Director of the Ethics Office and APA point man on torture and
interrogations: "No comment."
But one official did have a comment, which says everything one needs to
knopw about the ethics of APA leadership.
"Dr. Matarazzo was president of APA 18 years ago," Rhea Farberman, the
organization's director of public affairs, said in a prepared statement.
"Since that time, he has had no active role in APA governance but has been
actively involved in the American Psychological Foundation (APF), the
charitable giving arm of APA. Dr. Matarazzo currently holds no governance
positions in either APA or APF," the statement said.
Matarazzo's "professional activities are outside and independent of any role
he has played within APA and APF," the statement said. "We have no direct
knowledge about the business dealing of Mitchell's and Jessen's company;
however, APA's position is clear - torture or other forms of cruel or
inhuman treatment are always unethical."
Notice the deep concern for Mitchell and Jessen's and, potentially,
Matarazzo's, actions expressed in this statement. Notice the (missing)
promise to investigate and, if confirmed, discipline this former APA
President. After all, while "torture is unethical", this former President's
"professional activities" are no concern of the APA.
We are left to wonder if APA leaders had advance knowledge of these new
reports about President Seligman contained in Mayer's book. We can expect
new claims that APA has no connection with President Seligman, who according
to his bio <http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/bio.htm> :
In 1996. was elected President of the American Psychological Association,
by the largest vote in modern history.
This means <http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/vitae.htm> in 1997 Seligman was
President-elect of the APA, in 1998, he was President, and in 199 he was
Past-President and Board member. (For the record, I voted for him with
enthusiasm.) He is, of course, still an APA member. Further, Seligman is one
of the most esteemed psychologists in the last several decades. In fact
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman> :
According to Haggbloom et al's study of the most eminent psychologists of
the 20th Century, Seligman was the 13th most frequently cited psychologist
in introductory psychology textbooks throughout the century
It will be interesting to see the APA spinmeisters rapidly distance
themselves from this second torture-connected former President. We can only
wonder how many other former APA Presidents and officials will turn out to
be connected to this sordid aspect of recent American history.
To remind readers of what is at stake, here is Horton's summary of Mayer's
account of these techniques:
She provides a number of grueling examples of the application of the
techniques including the brutal murder of Manadel al-Jamadi, the placement
of prisoners in closed coffins for prolonged periods, and one instance in
which a below-the-knee amputee with a prosthesis who had his prosthesis
taken away and was forced to stand for hours on one foot, hanging from a
rail.
We have already learnt from last Friday's
<http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/washington/11detain.html?_r=1&sq=jane%20m
ayer&st=nyt&adxnnl=1&scp=2&adxnnlx=1215862229-2uVYxPQ/C7Wh74VQzhMcNw&oref=sl
ogin> New York Times article that the Red Cross proclaimed tthese techniques
to be "torture", not just "tantamount to tortuer" or some such term.
We will undoubtedly be learning much more about Seligman, Mitchell, Jessen
and the other torture psychologists in the days and weeks to come. Perhap
APA members will finally take it upon themselves to demand radical reform of
our professional organization that has closed its eyes to members' aiding
the torturers for far too long.
Stephen Soldz
Director, Center for Research, Evaluation, and Program Development
Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis
1581 Beacon St.
Brookline, MA 02446
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