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Johnny, when horses are in the process of erupting their posterior premolars and the anterior molars, they often develop swelling and/or rugosity in this area of the skull. After the teeth have broken through the gum and come into wear, the 'periostitis' then subsides and heals, usually completely. The condition is commonest in three year olds, but can occur in a late two year old or a four or even five year old horse, particularly if there are certain types of malocclusions. So the first thing I need to know about your specimen is whether you can age the horse on the basis of the teeth, or, if you don't want to say the age in years, then tell us whether there are cups or stars, and on which incisor teeth. Or if there are no incisors, then how many inches or centimeters of molar or premolar teeth do you estimate still remain in the alveolus, so we can get a handle on the age of the animal at death. Deb Bennett, Ph.D., Director Equine Studies Institute Livingston, California [Deb Bennett] -----Original Message----- From: Analysis of animal remains from archaeological sites [mailto:[log in to unmask]]On Behalf Of Jonny Geber Sent: Friday, January 11, 2008 3:41 AM To: [log in to unmask] Subject: [ZOOARCH] Periostitis on horse maxillae Dear all, I am currently analysing a horse skull which display bilaterally oval patches of proliferated periostitis on the maxillae, located just between the anterior margin of the orbitae and the infraorbital foramina. Does anyone know of any precise condition that might have caused this pathology? Or has anyone seen anything similar? All the best, Jonny Geber Osteologist ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Margaret Gowen & Co Ltd Archaeological Consultants and Project Managers Address: 27 Merrion Square, Dublin 2. Tel: +353 1 7997200 Fax: +353 1 7997201 e-mail: [log in to unmask] website: http://www.mglarc.com Margaret Gowen Limited is registered as a private company in Ireland. Company Reg No. 154940. Registered Office: 90 Upper George's Street, Dun Laoghaire Co. Dublin Ireland. Reg. VAT No. IE 6552440 M CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE This email (and any attached files) is private and confidential and may contain legally privileged information. If you are not named above as an addressee it may be unlawful for you to read, copy, distribute, disclose or otherwise use the information in this email. If you are not the intended recipient of this email please contact our systems administrator. Thank you. NOTE Any views or opinions presented are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the company or its associated companies unless otherwise specifically stated.