Tyrosine phosphorylation has been known in many bacteria since the late 90s. See for example, Ilan, O., Bloch, Y., Frankel, G., Ullrich, H., Geider, K. & Rosenshine, I. (1999). Protein tyrosine kinases in bacterial pathogens are associated with virulence and production of exopolysaccharide. EMBO J 18, 3241–3248. _________________________________ Mark A. Saper, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Biological Chemistry Biophysics, University of Michigan 930 N University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109-1055 U.S.A. [log in to unmask] (734) 764-3353 fax (734) 764-3323 http://www.biochem.med.umich.edu/biochem/research/profiles/saper.html