Hi, > I think my question does not concern spm_Deformations per se, but the > spatial normalization routine of SPM99. That is, is it to be expected that > using identical images (in identical coordinate frames) as source and > target in this algorithm would lead to a non-identity transformation? If > so, is this because the algorithm must take a non-zero step in parameter > space, even if this worsens the value of the cost function? I apologize if > questions are no longer being fielded for SPM99 algorithms. By default SPM will smooth the source but not the target image by 8mm before doing the normalization - could that explain the non-identity transformation? Best, Matthew