Steve Lionel and Erik Schnetter Have both raised threads as a method Of achieving parallel code. I'll gladly add this if people can provide me with details Of compilers that do this. I've also been contacted by a company that offers Tools to parallelise existing serial 77, 90 and 95 code. If anyone has any details in this area I'll add that too. Latest draft is below. Parallel Programming with Fortran ================================= The following Fortran standards have not addressed the issue of parallel programming Fortran 66 Fortran 77 Fortran 90 Fortran 95 Fortran 2003 This has meant that there has been no standard way of doing parallel programming in Fortran. This has meant that a small number of ways of parallel programming developed independently of the Fortran Standards Committees. These have included HPF MPI OPENMP and each of these is covered in more depth below. Thing's have changed with the proposed Fortran 2008 standard where co-arrays are an integral part of the language. Two tutorials on parallel programming are given below. http://www.mhpcc.edu/training/workshop/parallel_intro/MAIN.html http://users.actcom.co.il/~choo/lupg/tutorials/parallel-programming-theory/p arallel-programming-theory.html 1. Co-Array Fortran ------------------- Co-array Fortran is a small extension to Fortran 95. It is a simple, explicit notation for data decomposition, such as that often used in message-passing models, expressed in a natural Fortran-like syntax. The syntax is architecture-independent and may be implemented not only on distributed memory machines but also on shared memory machines and even on clustered machines. This is a proposal for Fortran 2008. See http://j3-fortran.org/doc/meeting/173/05-208.txt Older references can be found at http://www.co-array.org/ and http://lacsi.rice.edu/software/caf/ 2. HPF ------ The High Performance Fortran Forum (HPFF), a coalition of industry, academic and laboratory representatives, works to define a set of extensions to Fortran 90 known collectively as High Performance Fortran (HPF). HPF extensions provide access to high-performance architecture features while maintaining portability across platforms. http://dacnet.rice.edu/Depts/CRPC/HPFF/index.cfm HPF Compilers http://dacnet.rice.edu/Depts/CRPC/HPFF/compilers/index.cfm Requires source code modification. 3. MPI ------ MPI is a library specification for message-passing, proposed as a standard by a broadly based committee of vendors, implementors, and users. http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/ http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/mpich/ Requires the installation of the MPI library (some compiler companies offer a bundle of compiler and MPI library) and source code modification. 4. OPENMP --------- The OpenMP Application Program Interface (API) supports multi-platform shared-memory parallel programming in C/C++ and Fortran on all architectures, including Unix platforms and Windows NT platforms. Jointly defined by a group of major computer hardware and software vendors, OpenMP is a portable, scalable model that gives shared-memory parallel programmers a simple and flexible interface for developing parallel applications for platforms ranging from the desktop to the supercomputer. http://www.openmp.org/drupal/ Resources (including compilers) http://www.openmp.org/drupal/node/view/9?PHPSESSID=e69b7c73d8caca5ce49e5c229 882fe78 Requires source code modification. 5. Automatic ------------ By this is meant automatic parallelisation of the code without source code modification. Table of compilers and supported parallel options ------------------------------------------------------- Co Array HPF MPI OPENMP Automatic Absoft Y Y Compaq Tru64 Unix Y Y Cray PVP Y Y Y T3E Y Y X1 Y Y Y Fujitsu Sparc Y HP HP-UX Y IBM XL Y Y Intel Y Y Lahey/Fujitsu Pro Linux Y Y NAG NAGWare Y NEC SX Y Pathscale Y Y Portland Group Y Y Y SGI IRIX Y Y SUN Y Y Co Array HPF MPI OPENMP Automatic -------------------------------------------------------- Parallel Software Products offer a tool to help parallelise Fortran 77, Fortran 90 or Fortran 95 code. Their web address is http://www.parallelsp.com/index.htm The tool can generate either MPI calls or Openmp calls. Cheers Ian Chivers -----Original Message----- From: Fortran 90 List [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Lionel, Steve Sent: 22 August 2005 17:00 To: [log in to unmask] Subject: Re: Parallel programming update > > 5. SMP > ------ snip > Several hardware manufacturers make SMP systems, and several compiler > companies now offer parallel programming on SMP systems. It makes no sense to me to list SMP as a separate category for compilers. SMP is a hardware architecture, primarily addressed in Fortran compilers through OpenMP or automatic parallelization. Cluster or distributed parallel processing is primarily targeted by MPI, though you can use MPI on a single SMP system and there exists "Cluster OpenMP" as well, so the distinction is blurred. Furthermore, MPI is typically implemented as a library, not needed explicit compiler support. Most any compiler can support MPI if you have a suitable implementation. My recommendation is that you focus on the programming models available (OpenMP, MPI, autoparallel) and not get bogged down in hardware implementations. I'll also note that there are additional parallel programming models, such as POSIX threads, or OS-dependent thread libraries, that can be used from Fortran as well. All a Fortran compiler would need to take advantage of these is support for "recursive" routines, VOLATILE, perhaps the ability to get the address of a variable (LOC()), and a thread-safe run-time library. If you expanded your definition of parallel to that, there are many other compilers that could be mentioned (including the HP OpenVMS compiler, and even DEC/Compaq/HP VAX Fortran which supports autoparallel). Steve