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Dear all, One of my friends have the following model Y=b0+b1*X+b2*Z+U+E Y is binary variable X and Z are discrete variables, they are included as a set of dummy variables U is a random effect, the residual at level 2 E is the residual at level 1 What is the for formula for the variance of E, in order to consider the "Shrinkage" and to have the proportion of the variance explained by U. It is possible to compute the variance Level 1, of E, from the parameter estimates ? Any suggestions will be helpful Thank you Youss Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com