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Thanks Murray for your advice. Femorotibial angle (FTA) measurement can objectively be measured, and so, validation process for goniometric FTA may be different from subjective tests such as end-feel tests. While end-feel tests reflect many aspects of conditions, FTA only reflects the angular relationship between the femur and tibia in the coronal plane. Therefore, FTA is most often assessed radiographically, and the radiographic FTA is clinically meaningful since it is associated with several musculoskeletal conditions. Goniometric FTA may already have face validity, but the face validity is scientifically weak. Further, associations between goniometric FTA and pathological conditions are not fully understood. In this sense, goniometric FTA measurement should be best validated against the radiographic technique to have concurrent validity. I agree with you that validity of a clinical measure certainly depends on the context and circumstances. Taro <<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Kotaro Tamari, PhD student School of Physiotherapy Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia <<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>