 |
 |
Be di'r term Saesneg rwyt ti'n trio'i gyfieithu? ----- Original Message ----- From: "Saunders, Tim" <[log in to unmask]> To: <[log in to unmask]> Sent: Tuesday, January 27, 2004 11:01 AM > Cyd-destun: traffig. Ymddengys yn glir o'r diffiniadau isod fod 'tagfeydd > traffig' ddim yn gwneud y tro o gwbl. Tybed oes rhyw economegydd, > peiriannydd sifil, neu ddaearyddwr caredig yn medru awgrymu rhywbeth cywir, > clir a bachog? > > Tim > > > > A situation when too many people or vehicles are trying to use the same > facilities for them to work with maximum efficiency. This may result in a > fall in the quality or quantity of services provided. Congestion is a source > of external diseconomies: while drivers on crowded roads, for example, are > themselves inconvenienced, a cost they bear themselves, they also cause > delay, higher fuel costs, and a greater chance of accidents to other road > users. > A Dictionary of Economics. John Black. Oxford University Press, 2002. > > A general term in economics for the degradation or additional cost imposed > by the overuse of a service or facility-classically, the highways. > Congestion occurs under conditions where pricing is lower than the costs > imposed, often when property rights are not well defined. The economic > analysis of congestion seeks to design policy measures that minimize such > costs (e.g., the design of highway tolls) and plays an important role in > public-policy arenas. > Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Craig Calhoun, ed. Oxford University > Press 2002. > > The restriction of the use of a facility by over-use. The term is generally > used to indicate the slowing of urban traffic because too many vehicles are > competing for too little space, but it can be applied to any excessive > demand for any facility, when use exceeds carrying capacity. Congestion on a > routeway depends on the carrying capacity of the route, the volume of > traffic, and the varying proportions of the total freight and passenger > traffic carried by competing means of transport (the modal split). The > effects of congestion involve long, frustrating, and often costly, delays, > road accidents, air pollution, and noise, all of which create an externality > to the urban economy. They are, however, difficult to quantify in terms of > cost and the individual may have little control over them. > A Dictionary of Geography. Susan Mayhew. Oxford University Press, 1997. > Oxford Reference Online.