Sorry, John, for looking at the wrong thing earlier: same excuse as for Chris yesterday. It looks like you have sorted this out for yourself anyway and the Headmaster has given you a reference. Here's a page I found that just might add a crumb of comfort: http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~mshannon/mankiw03c.doc You need to scroll down to pages 16 - 17 to see what you're interested in. Duncan Williamson