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I haven't looked, but doesn't Roderick Nash also discuss this in "The Rights of Nature" in terms of environmental ethics? I know that various writers have commented on the tendency of civil disobedience to move to violence, but Gandhi did, I believe, specifically reject that. Given the objects of violence in the case of ELF, and their refusal to take responsibility for their actions, I don't think they fall within the same category as other non-violent movements or the direct action of the anarchists. Steven -----Original Message----- From: Discussion forum for environmental ethics. [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Jim Tantillo Sent: Tuesday, January 14, 2003 3:10 PM To: [log in to unmask] Subject: Re: Willamette Week: ELF figure defends the historic role/He Says He Wants a Revolution Hi Steve, fwiw, I happened to be rereading RISK AND CULTURE (Douglas and Wildavsky, 1982) last night and ran across the following passage in the authors' discussion of the sectarian tendencies of environmentalism: ". . . It follows that in the course of its life history, the sect engages from time to time in a debate on whose outcome hangs the integrity of its purposes. This crucial debate is about the right to use violence against oppressive government. Once arbitrary violence wins over legitimate authority, the sect has betrayed its faith" (178). --from the chapter "The Dialogue is Political" Jim T. >FYI, I did some minor edits on this to make it more readable. >Steven > >|He Says He Wants a >Revolution | >|A former ELF figure defends the historic role of violence in >social change. >| >|BY AMY ROE > >_____ Craig Rosebraugh has an incendiary message for fellow activists: >Violence may be necessary to achieve political change in America. > >"We must use a range of tactics, legal and illegal, violent and >nonviolent," the former spokesman for the Earth Liberation Front told >WW. > > >Rosebraugh is scheduled to speak on "The Legitimacy of Political >Violence: Lessons in Reform and Revolution" at Laughing Horse Books at 7 >pm >Friday, Jan. 10. The lecture will draw on his master's thesis on the >history of political violence in America. He received his degree in >December from >Vermont's Goddard College. > > >Bombing and assassination, Rosebraugh says, can in some circumstances be >legitimate forms of self-defense against political oppression: >"Terrorism can be OK, can be justified. We use terrorism in the U.S. >every day. Our government does it every day. It can be effective. But I >do believe you have to have letter writing. You can't draw a line >between nonviolence >and political violence." > [snipped]