Not particularly relevant to the original question, but... David LaFrance-Linden writes: > Here, it is clear what happens if A were go get retargeted (the > previous contents continue to get updated) or nullified (undefined, > because of usage of pointers into nullified data). I presume that you mean deallocated instead of nullified. They are not at all the same thing; in fact the phrase "nullified data" doesn't make much sense. Nullification is much more like retargetting than like deallocation. It does not touch the data - just the pointer. In fact, you can even do nullification by using a pointer assignment statement. Perhaps you just misstated it accidentally. But I'm posting the correction because I have talked to people who mistakenly thought that nullification was equivalent to deallocation. -- Richard Maine | Good judgment comes from experience; [log in to unmask] | experience comes from bad judgment. | -- Mark Twain