Hi Terry thanks for your ideas. the phd thing. yes, it is a research-oriented activity. no doubt, lots of new skills to learn and sharpen. i agree. but i personally don't agree with the conceptualization of the phd study solely as a learning-to-do-research activity. a phd study to me is to learn to 'question'... that one becomes very critical of things going on around her. that she won't take for granted what is considered right, true or useful. in other words, she moves beyond her own ignorance or dogmas that she inherits from the world in which she finds herself. and learning how to do research is not the same as learning how to ask critical questions. ya? the design knowledge thing. i think is a very serious question. i understand why you think that the design knowledge (in the context and frame of reference that you wrote about it) is a concept that can go. but.... the design knowledge thing that i understand clive talks about is of a different kind. you might have completely missed his point. (or i might have completely missed your point). i don't think that he is pointing to the internal cognitive/emotive process of humans necessarily when he speaks of design knowledge. cheers. Rosan -- Rosan Chow Sessional Instructor University of Alberta Department of Art and Design 3-98 Fine Arts Building Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2C9 Tel:1-780-492-7877 Fax: 1-780-492-7870