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Ian, Two papers (not coal, but small-scale lead mining) which might be relevant:- Gill, M.C. "Mining and proto-industrialisation" British Mining (Memoirs of the Northern Mine Research Society) No.41 (1990), pp.99-110. This questioned the belief by economic historians that proto-industrialisation (= the sort of dual economy you describe) could not apply to mining because it was too industrialised (they were thinking of things like the German venture in the Lake District). I also speculated that p-i would be recognised in Britain's more rural coalfields. Harvey, W.S. "Miners or Crofters?" British Mining (Memoirs of the Northern Mine Research Society) No.43 (1991), pp.82-95. This examines mining and small holding at Leadhills in Scotland. Regards, Mike Gill