Thanks for your responses to my query regarding DTDs and XML schemas. What you both say makes a lot of sense to me. I guess I want to come back with another question. The query at the end of my "wish list" was really a throw away comment. In many ways, as an end user--someone focused to conducting research interviews, transcribing, and data analysis --I really don't care how methods for encoding data get implemented (at least at the technical level of implementing the tags -what type of tags are and aren't included is clearly important to end users). What I come back to as important in my original post is: "A DTD [or XML schema or whatever] is no use if there isn't an easy way to use it to generate XML transcripts. We need tools for transcription that are better integrated with qualitative data analysis." My question, then, is what efforts are underway to provide the tools necessary for people who don't have the time or inclination to learn the nuts and bolts of XML, XSL, etc. to invisibly generate and exploit XML encoding of qualitative data and data analysis? Unless there are tools like Transcriber and Atlas-ti, which both already use XML, that exploit the DTD's defined by various social science XML data standards initiatives and do through the entire process of data processing, from audio transcription to data analysis, I don't see the practical benefits (see my "wish list"). Cheers, Alan.