Dear Candice, If there were no foundational logical structure to language, irrespective of any language, then what on earth is logic? What do you suppose makes it illogical to say “It is raining now” when it is not raining? Do you suppose that this changes between languages? Do you suppose that in the 13th century it was logical to say this? Do you suppose that in Japanese it is logical to say “my banana is fixing my car and I will be looking forward to seeing you yesterday? “ You are talking about the changes in the use of language (its character). These are superficial changes; changes in articulation, changes in certain words, changes in political use; slang and so forth. This is not what I am talking about. I am talking about the logic of language that simply does not and can not change. If we want to understand each other there must be a common logical ground, in which, logic dictates the meanings that go together to form coherent and sensible expressions. The part grammar has in this is that grammar depicts the logical sequence of events. Here we get into the causal chain of events and not only the causal chain but into facts. What makes is illogical to say, “my hand is the size of a molecule” is transcendent to language because there are no language rules per say that make this illogical. What makes it illogical is the logical structure of facts. But the logical structure of facts surely dictates and regulates the use of language and the grammar of language, therefore this logic is also a unifying foundation of language that can not change between forms of language. The logical structure of facts must be obeyed in language and therefore provides the limits as well as the ground of language. The fact that a water molecule is a certain size makes statements that contradict with this fact illogical. The fact that apples are not tomatoes makes language conform to the logic of this fact. That is why we have different names for them. Why is it that we must conform to the logic of these facts in language? Maybe since we see no way around it, since it is foundational to how we think and therefore how we express ourselves. I can not be walking and running at the same time. That is this is so, as a fact, assures that we can not, in language go against it without being illogical. In this way, the logic of facts makes language conform to itself and therefore provides the immobile ground of language. This is what I mean by logical grammar. daniel