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dear all there are relatively few instances of digital preservation in the news although documented cases of the consequences of digital information loss are gradually accumulating. This is quite a nice example for scientific data. Don't ask how much it will cost to go back ! Many thanks to Ellis Weinberger for drawing this to my attention. Neil From Comp.risks: Date: Sat, 28 Jul 2001 23:31:43 -0700 (PDT) From: Aaron Dickey <[log in to unmask]> Subject: NASA data from 1970s lost due to "forgotten" file format In 1999, USC neurobiologist Joseph Miller asked NASA to check some old data the Viking probes had sent back from Mars in the mid-1970s. Miller wanted to find out whether certain information on gas released by Martian soil, which at the time had been dismissed as meaningless "chemical activity," was actually evidence of microbial life. NASA found the tapes he requested, but they didn't find any way to read them. It turns out that the data, despite being only about 25 years old, was in a format NASA had long since forgotten about. Or, as Miller puts it, "The programmers who knew it had died." Luckily, Miller has been able to cobble together about a third of the data and get some useful results, but only because some form of printed record had been saved. (And yes, he does believe the Viking probes turned up evidence of microbes.) Source: Reuters. Original article is available, at least temporarily, at <http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20010727/sc/space_mars_life_dc_1.html>, <http://news.excite.com/news/r/010727/19/science-space-mars-life-dc>, <http://reuters.activebuddy.com/s?id=DS1DEKNG8BBN>, or <http://www.reuters.com/news_article.jhtml?type=sciencenews&StoryID=137333>. NASA Data Point to Mars 'Bugs,' Scientist Says July 27, 2001 07:58 PM ET By Kevin Krolicki LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Did NASA discover evidence of life on Mars and then misplace it for almost 25 years? A University of Southern California scientist argues that is just what happened and that once-lost data collected by the 1975 Viking probes suggest the existence of Martian microbes. The significance of that finding was overlooked -- along with the data itself -- after NASA concluded that its experiments showed only signs of chemical activity on the surface of the "Red Planet," said Joseph Miller, a USC neurobiologist. But a careful reexamination of a fragment of the recovered NASA record showed a surprising pattern: gas released by the Martian soil and tracked by Viking followed the same kind of rhythms followed by all Earth-bound organisms from humans to fruit flies in a cycle akin to feeding and respiration by colonies of microbes. "I think, basically, that it's bugs," said Miller, a neurobiologist and an expert in the study of the circadian rhythms that regulate biological activity. Two Viking spacecraft were launched by NASA in August and September of 1975 and took almost a year to reach the Martian atmosphere. Once there, both sent probes to the surface some 3,000 miles (4,828 km) apart to conduct a series of experiments, several of which were designed to look for evidence of life. In one of those tests, a robotic arm on the probes scooped up soil samples, which were dropped into a dish along with a shot of a radioactive carbohydrate solution. Scientists reasoned that any organisms in the Martian soil would consume the nutrients and release radioactive carbon as a gas, something the probe was equipped to measure, said Miller. Viking found clear evidence that the Martian soil generated gas over the nine-week experiment, but scientists concluded that was the product of reactive chemical "superperoxides" in the soil, not evidence of life, Miller said. NASA LOST TRACK OF RESULTS That closed the book on the Viking experiments until Miller, who had worked with NASA in the early 1980s studying the sleep cycles of monkeys in space, asked the agency to go back over the record of the experiment in 1999. "I figured this was going to be on a Web site somewhere," Miller said. "Well, guess again. They had lost track of it." NASA scoured its archives and turned up the long-neglected computer tapes, only to discover they were coded "in a format so old that the programmers who knew it had died," Miller said. Working from a printed record that the initial NASA team had saved, Miller has been able to assemble and analyze about a third of the data and plans to present his initial findings on Sunday at a scientific conference in San Diego. Miller found the gas emissions from the soil sample fell into a cycle of precisely 24.66 hours -- the length of the Martian day -- a pattern that was linked to a slight variation in the temperature inside the mostly insulated lander. That pattern of heightened activity in the warmer daytime and inactivity at night is akin to the kind of temperature-driven circadian rhythm that simple terrestrial organisms such as bread molds exhibit, Miller said. Even more suggestively, the amount of carbon gas released rose over the course of the experiment, but then also dropped sharply at one point when the soil sample was heated to 160 degrees Celsius (320 degrees Fahrenheit). "I think that what was happening there was that we were killing all the bugs," said Miller, who is working to recover the full Viking data record to see if it confirms the pattern. Other recent studies have shown signs of climate change on Mars dating back about 100,000 years, instead of millions or billions, and suggest that there could be shallow ice reserves below the planet's surface -- a key to sustaining life there. Miller said he hopes his unexpected findings will encourage both NASA and European researchers to revive biological experiments in the next generation of Mars probes. "Over the years NASA has primarily been interested in geology," said Miller. "But this is something out of the clear blue sky, or I guess I should say the red sky." ***end text*** ****************************************************************************** ******* Neil Beagrie Assistant Director JISC Digital Preservation Focus JISC/DNER Office, Tel/Fax/Voicemail :+44 (0)709 2048179 King's College London email: [log in to unmask] Strand Bridge House url: www.jisc.ac.uk/dner/preservation/ 138 - 142, The Strand, email list: www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/digital-preservation London WC2R 1HH ****************************************************************************** *******