Dear Maddy, Since it hasn't been mentioned yet, have you checked James Marrow, Passion Iconography in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance: A Study in the Transformation of Sacred Metaphor into Descriptive Narrative (Kortrijk, 1979)? It is difficult to imagine a more exhaustive study of the relations between biblical and devotional texts and images of Christ's Passion. And it is all marshalled towards an explanation of the multiplication of Christ's torments in visual imagery. Cheers, Jim Bugslag %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%