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> From: [log in to unmask] [SMTP:[log in to unmask]] > > The material on curses... specifically the history and ongoing > development of officially sanctioned ( to some degree or another ) > liturgical curses ( the 'clamor' and the 'maledictio' in particular ) is > thoroughly presented in > Lester K. Little Benedictine Maledictions: Liturgical Cursing in > Romanesque France. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1993. > A fascinating read . > By the way, in this book, Dr. Little traces the origins of Frankish liturgical cursing to Irish ecclesiastical models. I'd take it a step further and note the similarity between the use of the "clamor" and accounts left by Roman authors about Gaulish and British battle behavior. Francine Nicholson %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%