Christopher wrote: >>Because he was so obsessed by Germany, Tactitus' text is a constant >>reference point, as it is in Anselm Kiefer's work, for instance. >That interests me. Could you elaborate the Kiefer point? I can try - I'm no Kiefer expert, though I admire the work. On reflection, the connection, which I've always assumed, is more implicit than explicit. The explicit links are rather with Tacitus' _Annals_ - all the paintings Kiefer did about Hermann/Arminius, the story of the first German hero, which culminated in the slaughter of an entire Roman army under the leadership of Varus in the Teutoburg Forest in 9AD. The one that sticks in my mind is "Varus", a horrific painting of a forest which seems itself slaughter, the trees bleeding like the ones in Dante's Inferno; but he did quite a few others ("Piet Mondrian _Arminius' battle", "Hermann's battle", and others). I was thinking of Germania in the context of Kiefer's ongoing critique of Germany's nationalism, which is naturally a fairly agonised deconstruction of identity (both personal and national) and history. Kiefer started that early and provocatively with works like "German's Spiritual Heroes" (a book like a scrapbook containing image after image of Kiefer in various stages of undress and in various locations making the Sieg Heil salute. plus patriotic statues &c). Central to that - as it is in so much of Kiefer's work - is the object of the Book. For those who don't know - Germania is seen - and was certainly seen so by the Nazis after 1920 - as the ur-text of German national identity. (There's the amazing story of Himmler's obsessive desire for the Codex Aesinas, the 9th century "original"). The text is Tacitus' description of the Germanic peoples as found by the Romans, and was central to the development of the "blood and soil" ideology developed by the Nazis. In particular where Tacitus backs up "the opinions of those who hold that in the peoples of Germany there have been given to the world a race unmixed by intermarriage with other races, a peculiar people and pure, like no one but themselves". This was the basis of the historical justification for the eugenic theories of Nazism. Tacitus formed a picture of the Germans as wood-dwelling barbarians who worshipped the forest and the tree, and were, unlike the Romans, uncorrupted by luxury and decadence; for the Nazis the text was a crucial legitimisation of their bizarre history/myth making. The German forest mythos begins with this text, and the forest/tree is a theme Kiefer returns to again and again in his work - "Tree with Pallet", putting art and nature ambiguously and somewhat sinisterly together, say; and there's the woodcut of the empty wooden hall called "Germany's spiritual heroes": an ironic and unpeopled and apocalyptic image of the primordial forest humanised. But I also see the connections in Kiefer's references to text/history, in his constant use of the book. Say, in something like "Shulamith", a lead book open with a woman's burnt hair on the page (one of many works he did drawn from poems by Paul Celan). The lead book has been seen as a reference to the Nazis' habits of meticulously recording the details of their victims; I also can't but see an echo of the ur-text in it, the poisonous weight of history (also in those incredible sculptures he made of shelves of giant lead books). Best Alison