Brian, From being acquainted with members of several lodges throughout the "Inland Empire" in both mining and non-mining communities, I know that membership was based on character rather than job status. In both the Masonic order and the Knights of Pythias, the largest part of the membership came from fairly humble positions. Although character often lead to promotions, many miners of rather rough character were advanced underground, but were not accepted as members of the more dignified orders. In fact, higher officials were frequently not invited to join orders, if they were unpopular or mistrusted by the members who were "working men". In this manner the lodges worked almost like an unofficial union. One mine superintendent who was a member of the Knights of Pythias in Kimberley kept in touch with the lodge, but seldom attended meetings. I believe that this was to permit freer discussion among the lodge "brothers". The membership in this case consisted mainly of mine employees - most of whom had joined the order while at the bottom of the ladder. While some of these had been promoted to lower management levels, I knew of no mining engineers who were members, so higher management positions were usually missing. This would appear to be because the engineers did not mingle at work or socially with the members of the lodge. As a young miner, I was considered too immature to join the KP's, even though I mingled with engineers and geologists in church. Later, having left the mine to become a school teacher and having married, I was invited to join the lodge, because my father had been a member. Naturally, I viewed the older men, who had much less formal education, with great respect. It is a fallacy to consider all miners to be crude and unintelligent. I found many to be much more intelligent than some of the engineers. I have met many very stupid men with university degrees. This is essentially the thrust of my own research and writing. The prospectors who discovered the Sullivan Mine named the original claims the Hamlet and the Shylock, because two of the four men were extremely well read and quoted Shakespeare at one another as they trekked through the wild country. Most of the major contributions to the community in Kimberley (churches, schools, arena, curling rinks, charitable committees, medical services, etc.) were started by men of fairly humble positions - trackmen, welders, machinists, carpenters, and miners. Although very intelligent (and several rose to be supervisors of shops), they had limited formal education. Quite a few business men joined orders, but these were always men of sterling character who respected the miners who were their customers. All mining towns had their "society" stratas, but these were much less important than the members of the cliques believed. In fact, some members of the cliques had rather questionable taste and character. I recall one hockey player's wife who believed that hockey players were more important to the "company" than engineers. On the other hand, residents of adjacent towns (Cranbrook in the East Kooteney and New Denver in the Slocane) had very distorted notions of the social structure in mining towns. Historians from such backgrounds often make ridiculous assumptions about status, the level of wages, and the actual living conditions. Generally, if a married miner of good character was living in primitive accommodation, mine officials and business men were living little better. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%