New Book on Partially Molten Rocks

• Physics and Chemistry of Partially Molten Rocks

• Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000
• ISBN 0-412-84720-5

  • Editors: [log in to unmask]"> N. Bagdassarov, [log in to unmask]"> D. Laport, [log in to unmask]"> A. B. Thompson

  • Content:

  • CHAPTER 1. RHEOLOGY OF PARTIALLY MOLTEN ROCKS (KOHLSTEDT D.L., BAI Q., WANG Z-C., AND S. MAI) 3
  • 1. INTRODUCTION 4
  • 2. CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS 6
  • 2.1 New Experimental Constraints 9
  • 2.2 Microstructural observations 12
  • 2.3 Mechanical results for deformation at 300 MPa 17
  • 3. DISCUSSION 18
  • 3.1New experimental results 18
  • 3.2 Implication for upper-mantle rheology 22
  • CHAPTER 2. ANELASTIC AND VISCOELSTIC BEHAVIOUR OF PARTIALLY MOLTEN ROCKS AND LAVAS (BAGDASSAROV N.) 29
  • 1. INTRODUCTION 30
  • 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS OF Q MEASUREMENT 36
  • 3. EXPERIMENTS 38
  • 3.1 Description of the torsion device 38
  • 3.2 Sample description 39
  • 3.3 Analysis of data 44
  • 4. DISCUSSION 51
  • 5. CONCLUSIONS
  • CHAPTER 3. CONSTRAINTS ON THE MELT DISTRIBUTION IN ANISOTROPIC POLYCRYSTALLINE AGGREGATES UNDERGOING GRAIN GROWTH (FAUL U.H.) 67
  • 1. INTRODUCTION 68
  • 2. SURFACE ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS 69
  • 2.1 Dihedral angles 70
  • 2.2 Interfacial curvature 74
  • 3. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS: THE SYSTEM OLIVINE + BASALTIC MELT 77
  • 3.1 Textural features of the melt distribution 78
  • 3.2 Dihedral angles 79
  • 3.3 Grain misorientations 82
  • 3.4 Grain growth 83
  • 3.5 Applications: Calculation of Seismic Velocity and Permeability 84
  • 4. SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PARTIAL MELTS IN THE MANTLE 88
  • CHAPTER 4. THE GRAIN-SCALE DISTRIBUTION OF SILICATE, CARBONATE AND METALLOSULFIDE PARTIAL MELTS: A REVIEW OF THEORY AND EXPERIMENTS (LAPORTE D., AND A. PROVOST) 95
  • 1. INTRODUCTION 96
  • 2. INTERFACIAL ENERGIES 97
  • 2.1 The concept of interfacial energy 97
  • 2.2 Orientation dependence of surface energy 100
  • 2.3 Interfacial energies of geological interest 102
  • 3. TEXTURAL EQUILIBRIUM 102
  • 3.1 The concept of textural equilibrium 102
  • 3.2 The equilibrium shape of an isolated phase 103
  • 3.3 Textural equilibrium in a polycrystalline aggregate 105
  • 4. EQUILIBRIUM MELT DISTRIBUTION IN AN IDEALIZED PARTIALLY MOLTEN SYSTEM 108
  • 4.1 Conditions of textural equilibrium 109
  • 4.2 Equilibrium melt geometry at low melt fraction 110
  • 4.3 The interconnection threshold 111
  • 5. WETTING PROPERTIES OF GEOLOGICAL PARTIAL MELTS 115
  • 5.1 Experimental techniques and run product analysis 115
  • 5.2 A review of experimental data 118
  • 5.3 The importance of interfacial energy anisotropy 128
  • 6. DISCUSSION 131
  • 6.1 Is textural equilibrium achieved in natural systems ? 131
  • 6.2 Equilibrium melt distribution: theory versus reality 133
  • 6.3 Implications for the movement of geological melts 136
  • CHAPTER 5. PARTIAL MELTING AND MELT SEGREGATION IN A CONVECTING MANTLE (SCHMELING H.) 143
  • 1. INTRODUCTION 144
  • 2. GENERAL ASPECTS OF MELTING IN THE MANTLE 146
  • 2.1 Causes for melting 146
  • 2.2 Potential temperatures 148
  • 3. THE PHYSICS OF MELT GENERATION, SEGREGATION AND CONVECTION 149
  • 3.1 Sources of buoyancy 149
  • 3.2 Mathematical description 150
  • 4. CASE STUDIES RELEVANT FOR MELTING AND SEGREGATION IN A CONVECTING MANTLE 159
  • 4.1 Segregation without melt generation or solidification 159
  • 4.2 1-dimensional porosity waves 161
  • 4.3 2-dimensional porosity waves 163
  • 5. CONCLUSIONS 175
  • CHAPTER 6. A FRACTIONATION MODEL FOR HYDROUS CALC-ALKALINE PLUTONS AND THE HEAT BUDGET DURING FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLISATION AND ASSIMILATION (MATILE L., THOMPSON A.B., AND P. ULMER ) 181
  • 1. INTRODUCTION 181
  • 2. FACTIONAL CRYSTALLISATION OF HYDROUS MANTLE MAGMA 182
  • 2.1 Fractionation model 182
  • 2.2 H2O-contents of fractionating magmas 183
  • 2.3 H2O-contents of AFC magmas (Assimilation during Fractional Crystallisation) 184
  • 2.4 Liquid-line-of-descent of fractionating magmas 184
  • 2.5 Modal variation with temperatures of fractionating magma 185
  • 2.6 Thermal evolution of fractionally crystallising hydrous mantle magma 185
  • 2.7 Quantitative heat budget during fractional crystallisation 187
  • 3. CRYSTALLISATION, FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLISATION (FC) AND ASSIMILATION (A) OF HYDROUS MANTLE MAGMA 189
  • 3.1 Crystallisation of mantle magma 190
  • 3.2 Melt fraction increase with Temperature (T-f) for crustal rock anatexis 192
  • 3.3 The heat balance between crystallisation and assimilation 192
  • 3.4 Quantification of AFC-fractional crystallisation (FC) and assimilation (A) 194
  • 3.5 AFC processes for FC of hydrous picrite and assimilation of tonalite 195
  • 3.6 A comparison of the efficiency of AFC processes for picrite assimilating different crustal rocks at different temperatures 196
  • 3.7 The effect of rock fertility upon AFC histories 197
  • 3.8 A comparison of AFC paths for hydrous basalt magmas compared to picrite 198
  • 3.9 Assimilation by fractionating melts adjacent to magma chambers at successively higher crustal levels 198
  • 3.10 Effects of other variables on the AFC paths 198
  • 4. COMPRISON OF THE HEAT BALANCE FOR AFC PROCESSES WITH ONTHER RESULTS FOR CRUSTAL MELTING 200
  • 4.1 Crustal melting following basaltic underplating 200
  • 4.2 Anhydrous MORB assimilating albite and pelites 201
  • 5. CONCLUSIONS 203
  • CHAPTER 7. MIGMATIC GABBROS FROM A SHALLOW-LEVEL METAMORPHIC CONTACT AUREOL, FUETOVENTURA BASAL COMPLEX, CANARY ISLANDS (HOBSON A., BUSSY F., AND J. HERNANDEZ ) 211
  • 1. INTRODUCTION 211
  • 2. TECTONIC AND GEOLOGICAL SETTING 212
  • 3. THE PX1 INTRUSION AND ITS HOST ROCK 215
  • 3.1 The contact aureole 216
  • 3.2 Microstructures 219
  • 3.3 Stress regime in the contact aureole 221
  • 4. PARTIAL MELTING AND MECHANISMS OF MELT SEGREGATION 221
  • 5. RHEOLOGY OF PARTLY MOLTEN ROCKS 224
  • 6. DISCUSSION 225
  • 7. CONCLUSION 227
  • CHAPTER 8. THIN AMORPHOUS INTERGRANULAR LAYERS AT MINERAL INTERFACES IN XENOLITHS: THE EARLY STAGE OF MELTING (WIRTH R., AND L. FRANZ ) 231
  • 1. INTRODUCTION 232
  • 2. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 235
  • 2.1 Electron microprobe analysis EMP 235
  • 2.2 Sample preparation, transmission electron microscopy etc. 236
  • 2.3 Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy EELS 237
  • 3. SAMPLE DESCRIPTION 238
  • 4. DEFINITIONS 239
  • 5. RESULTS 240
  • 5.1 Glass along grain or phase boundaries 240
  • 5.2 Concentration profiles across melt films 244
  • 5.3 Crystal growth into glassy intergranular layers 251
  • 5.4 Melt pockets at three grain junctions 252
  • 5.5 Melt inclusions in minerals 254
  • 5.6 Cracks filled with melt 255
  • 6. DISCUSSION 255
  • 6.1 Why are the amorphous intergranular layers former melt films? 255
  • 6.2 Formation of melt along the mineral interfaces 256
  • 6.3 Stability of amorphous intergranular layers 258
  • 6.4 Development of the chemical composition with degree of partial melting 261
  • 6.5 Comparison of intergranular melt composition with glass composition from literature 262
  • 6.6 Geological implications 264

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