>>>SAN JOSE, (Jul. 2) IPS - Calypso, a rhythm originating in the Caribbean >>>Basin during the era of African slavery, had been limited in Costa Rica >to >>>the coastal Limon province until a musician recently brought it to the >>>capital's recording studios. >>> Over the last two decades, Manuel Monestel, a sociologist and >musician, >>>has forged the "Cantoamerica" project, a group specializing in Latin >>>American music that experiments with and develops Afro-Caribbean and >urban >>>rhythms. He has recently turned his attention to calypso. >>> Monestel is a believer that calypso is an important expression of a >>>culture that has been marginalized from Costa Rica's daily life - the >>>culture of the Caribbean black community. >>> This Central American country has built its official history around >its >>>central valley, which is less than six percent of the entire country, but >>>it is where nearly half of its 3.5 million inhabitants live. Frequently, >>>the cultural wealth of the rest of the nation is forgotten. >>> "Calypso is more than just a rhythm -- its words reflect the life of >>>the society, they satirize it, criticise it, love it and also laugh at it >>>-- it is common for calypso to contain a lot of humor," Monestel told >IPS. >>> >>> It is thought that composers of calypsos -- or "calypsonians" -- are >>>the direct descendants of black musicians known as "chantuelles," who >>>during the slave era, spread news among the Caribbean population. >>> With their guitars slung on their shoulders, these minstrels sang and >>>informed people about all kinds of things -- from rebellions to jokes. >>>They were the chroniclers of their time. >>> There is no authoritative explanation for the origin of the music's >>>name, but it evokes the goddess Calypso, a character in Homer's Odyssey >>>who keeps the hero on her island for seven years. >>> In the Caribbean islands, calypso is known as "kaiso," and has such a >>>strong influence over the public that it has reportedly affected the >>>outcomes of national elections. >>> "Calypso is the raw material for many rhythms that are popular now," >>>said Oscar Sequeira from his seat under a palm tree in Limon's central >>>park -- a massive man wearing a white guayabera (a Caribbean shirt) and a >>>straw hat. >>> Sequeira is a music instructor at a school in Limon, but he is also >the >>>leader of "Caribbean Calypso," one of the best known musical groups of >the >>>genre in the Costa Rican Caribbean. >>> After the colonial era, calypso spread throughout the Antilles and, >>>thanks to traveling festivals, it became very popular in places such as >>>Trinidad and Tobago, where it still maintains its social force. >>> This rhythm arrived in countries like Costa Rica thanks to the >>>migration of people from the Antilles, where it began to take on the >local >>>flavor. >>> Calypso is sung, usually in creole English, and recounts the joys and >>>misfortunes of the banana plantations, and the romances of the people, as >>>well as making social criticisms. >>> Calypso is an art form in which the performers made their black public >>>laugh in the face of the social ills they suffered. >>> For example, the Limonese calypsonian Papa Tun, as he is known, >>>composed this humorous calypso about a malaria epidemic: >>> "Zancudo, zancudo, no me piques mas/no quiero malaria/no quiero >>>morir/no me piques mas/no me piques mas/no me piques mas." >>> (Mosquito, mosquito, don't bite me anymore/I don't want malaria/ I >>>don't want to die/don't bite me anymore/don't bite me anymore/ don't bite >>>me anymore.) >>> Through its musical "rescue work," Cantoamerica has joined forces with >>>the one of the region's most respected calypsonians, an 80-year-old black >>>man who lives in the town of Cahuita in Limon province. His name is >Walter >>>Ferguson, but he is better known as Mister Gavitt. >>> Gavitt sings about the little things -- life's details -- but he has >>>also created calypsos with strong social meaning. In one of them, called >>>"Retribution," he clearly captures the differences among social classes >>>and their consequences. This is just a fragment: >>> "Retribution/I want to sing it loud and clear/retribution/I want the >>>people to hear/Pushing people's children in the gutter/And you are living >>>in luxury/Every day you got your bread and butter/And then you practice >>>hypocrisy." >>> Mister Gavitt continues composing and he sends his work to Monestel in >>>San Jose, where the musician has been performing Gavitt's work with his >>>band. >>> Monestel's newest project is to write a book about calypso, and his >>>seventh Cantoamerica recording is expected to be ready for release this >>>August, which will be appropriately named "Calypsonians." >>> The disk includes 10 songs (nine by Ferguson and one by Monestel), >>>which Monestel hopes will be a tribute to all calypso composers in the >>>region. >>