Dear colleagues and friends,
I agree with Ken Friedmanīs view that there can be and there should be a
general theory of design comprising everything which fits into SIMONīs
definition of designing as transforming a situation into a preferred one.
Who has the authority today to tell what is design in the "narrow" sense
and what is design in a "broader" sense? I think it is a futile effort
trying to define the boundaries of the professional field. Practice is far
ahead.
The question is how to achieve at this ambitious goal of a theory of
design? What should be the basic elements of such a theory? Can it be a
theory in the scientific sense? What about the humanities?
One of the most counter-productive consequences of the still vivid "2
cultures" dualism in design are fierce struggles as to the dominance,
mainly from the side of the humanities vs. the sciences, with claims of
(e.g.) "history, theory and criticism" to be the core of the new field
(MARGOLIN 1998). The blind spots caused by the own background are
overlooked here (and in any other effort to fix the basis).
Contributions will come from both the humanities and the sciences. Fights
for predominance are futile, because we will experience the emergence of
something new, a kind of "3rd culture" (BROCKMAN 1996), the culture of the
artificial. The working / research process will be different, the methods
used will be different, the outcomes will be different. The uniqueness has
to be distinguished and indicated and communicated as precisely as possible
in order to gain a status of autonomy comparable to that of the established
disciplines. We are far away from that.
So far, there are no foundations, but at best elements of a "science of the
artificial". SIMONīs contributions are part of it, of course, but they are
not useful in all their aspects and implications. There will be no stable
identity but only a dynamic one which is permanently re-established in
communicative feedback practice. The dynamics is caused by the fact that
designing and design as a discipline is a kind of interface activity
between moving areas: the context (cultural, technological, etc.) and the
subject of designing (the system). This refers to SIMON again. There seems
to be structural self-similarity of design as a discipline and design as a
problem-solving process.
Design theory is design! We should distinguish a structural meta-level of
"strong theories" (Findeli 1998) which is able to conceptualize this
dynamic "nature" of the discipline and a processual, operative level of
"weak theories", or "small theories" or methods.
Maybe, in the future, a kind of "foundation" might crystallize from this
dynamic process. Or maybe not.
The concept of "science" is preoccupied. In consequence its use for design
would imply the realization of the ambitious project to redefine designing
as the model of scientific research (GLANVILLE 1982). So, provisionally
(which might last forever), we should rather talk of a dynamic (highly
specialized) social system for the creation of the artificial, the
exploration of the new. And we should keep in mind that the specialization
does NOT refer to any one traditional disciplinary fields but to relations
between them.
One of the consequences of this permanent shift might be that there is (and
never will be) anything like progress in design. There is fit (between the
context / environment and the artifact / system) at best. Maybe we are a
discipline of professional dillettantism. And maybe we should stop
complaining about that...
P.S.:
I wrote several paper on this subject, e.g.:
- Viable Structures and Generative Tools - an approach towards "designing
designing" in: "contextual design - design in contexts" the european
academy of design, Stockholm 23, 24 and 25 April 1997 (accessible via my
homepage)
- "A Scenario for Design - or how to become a discipline?" to be published
in Design Issues
- "On the Foundations of a "Science of the Artificial"" to be presented at
the Helsinki conference, Sept. 99
So much for now,
Wolfgang Jonas
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Jonas
Prozessdesign
Hochschule für Kunst und Design Halle
Postfach 200 252
D-06003 Halle / Saale
Germany
[log in to unmask]
www.snafu.de/~jonasw
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