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From: Ian Pitchford <[log in to unmask]>
Subject: H.W. Kendall, 72, Dies; Hunted Down Quark
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NEW YORK TIMES
H.W. Kendall, 72, Dies; Hunted Down Quark

By WOLFGANG SAXON

Dr. Henry Way Kendall, one of three physicists who shared a Nobel Prize for
confirming that tiny particles called quarks were the basic building blocks of
matter, died on Monday while on an underwater photography shoot in Wakulla
Springs State Park, south of Tallahassee, Fla. He was 72 and lived in Sharon,
Mass.

The local authorities reported that Kendall, an experienced diver and
underwater photographer, had joined a team from National Geographic magazine
but was working by himself before his body was found a few feet from shore. An
autopsy was being performed.

Kendall was also known for his work with the Union of Concerned Scientists, an
advocacy group that he helped found in 1969 and led as chairman since 1973.

Kendall and his colleagues won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics for experiments
that confirmed the existence of quarks, the infinitesimally tiny packets of
energy that make up protons and neutrons, which were once thought to be
matter's fundamental particles. Dr. Richard E. Taylor, a Canadian professor at
Stanford University, and Dr. Jerome I. Friedman, a fellow scientist at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, were recognized with Kendall.

Their work from 1967 to 1973 validated what had been hypothesized independently
in the early 1960s by Dr. Murray Gel-Mann and Dr. George Zweig at the
California Institute of Technology. Gell-Mann named these elusive particles
"quarks" on a whim, borrowing the word from James Joyce's "Finnegan's Wake."

Kendall, Taylor and Friedman, who first met as graduate students at Stanford,
conducted their research at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center using a
two-mile-long particle accelerator able to boost beams of electrons to an
energy of 22 billion electron-volts. They directed the beams at targets
containing liquid hydrogen.

The purpose was to achieve a special kind of collision that occurs when
electrons hit protons (which constitute the nuclei of hydrogen) at certain
energies. Initial results were ambiguous. But as the three fine-tuned their
instruments, the results clearly showed that both protons and neutrons
contained hard, electrically charged, point-like particles corresponding to the
quarks foretold in theory.

That confirmation allowed physicists to proceed confidently with developing
what is known as the standard model theory of matter. The Nobel Prize panel
applauded their feat as a "breakthrough in our understanding of matter."

In his role with the Union of Concerned Scientists, Kendall opposed President
Ronald Reagan's "Star Wars" anti-missile project, and he challenged the concept
that such a system could defend American cities from nuclear attack.

Kendall consistently warned of the dangers of nuclear weapons, space-based
arsenals and radiation leaks from nuclear power generators. His organization
also studied the greenhouse effect, a warming of the earth's climate as a
result of emissions of heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide. Kendall helped
to brief President Clinton on the subject.

Kendall, who was born in Boston, graduated from Amherst College in 1950 and
received a Ph.D. in nuclear physics from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology in 1955. He was a National Science Foundation Fellow at MIT at the
time. He lectured at Stanford before joining the MIT faculty in 1961, rose to
full professor in 1967 and was named as the J.A. Stratton Professor of Physics
in 1991.

His research interests covered nucleon structure, high-energy electron
scattering, and meson and neutrino physics. He was a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, and the recipient of the 1981 Leo Szilard Award of the American
Physical Society and a 1982 Bertrand Russell Society Award.

Kendall is survived by a brother, John, also of Sharon.






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