At 14:59 06/09/99 +0100, you wrote:
>Can anyone help?
>
>We're about to undertake a metallographic study of arrow and crossbow bolt
>heads to help develop a greater understanding of their effectiveness against
>armour. Previous work seems remarkably rare compared to other weapon types,
>and often leads to sweeping statements on the basis of limited observation
>(nothing new there). I'd like to include a summary of previous research. Can
>anyone add any further published or unpublished works beyond those listed
>below?
>
>Brewer, CW (1976) Metallographic examination of six ancient steel weapons,
>JHMS 10/1,1-10
>
>Ottaway, P (1992) Anglo-Scandinavian from 16-22 Coppergate........
>
>Jones, PN (1992) The metallography & relative effectiveness of arrowheads
>and armour during the middle ages. Materials Characterisation 29:111-117
>
>Coughlan, HH & Tylecote, RF (1978) Medieval iron artefacts from the Newbury
>area of Berkshire: Metallurgical examinations. JHMS 12/1, 12-17 (also quoted
>in Tylecote's green book)
>
>Ustohal, V & Stransky, K (1988) Rozbory soucasti stredovekych zeleznych
>zbrani a vystroje. Hutnicke Listy, Rok1988
>
>A reliable English translation of the final work, (published in the Czech)
>would also be extremely useful.
>
>
>David Starley PhD
>Science Officer
>Royal Armouries
>Armouries Drive
>Leeds LS10 1LT
>UK
>
>tel 44 (0)133 220 1919
>fax 44 (0)133 220 1917
>
>
>Attachment Converted: c:\program files\attach\Metallography of arrow and cros
>Dear Devid
The ramp built by Sennacherib's troops at Lachish (documented in large wall
relief from Sennacherib's palace at Nineve) used for the conquest in 701
B.C.E. The ramp was discovered constructed at the southwestern corner of
the city, which was connected by shallow saddle to a hill on which Assyrian
camp was probably located. Evidence of the heavy actual battle was found at
the point of junction between the ramp and the city wall, in the form of
hundreds, different type, of iron arrowheads.
The are heavily corroded with very limited areas of metallic iron. I
examined ten arrowheads, lately. All of them were determined as very low -
carbon wrought iron with very variable grain size of ferrite. In two
arrowheads I recognized higher carbon pearlitic areas. The examination
showed that no attempt has been made to quench and temper the arrowheads.
The Vickers hardness of the arrowheads varies from 140 to 180 Vickers which,
although harder than normal wrought iron, could be explained by cold
hammering.
I'll send you the full report next month.
All the best
Nimrod
Nimrod Shay
Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science in the
Department of Environmental Science and Energy Research
Weizmann Institute of Science
76100 Rehovot, Israel
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