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MEDICAL CONDITIONS: OBESITY :

PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND FITNESS :

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RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS:

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Exercise and Obesity


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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Exercise and Obesity

Authors Jaoude J, Koh Y

Received 8 January 2016

Accepted for publication 31 March 2016

Published 14 July 2016 Volume 2016:12 Pages 287295

DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S103877

Checked for plagiarism Yes

Review by Single-blind

Peer reviewers approved by Prof. Dr. Amudha Kadirvelu

Peer reviewer comments 2

Editor who approved publication: Prof. Dr. Daniel Duprez

Jonathan Jaoude,1 Yunsuk Koh2

1Department of Biology, 2Department of Health, Human Performance, and 
Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA

Abstract: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc- and calcium-dependent 
endoproteinases that have the ability to break down extracellular matrix. 
The large range of MMPs functions widens their spectrum of potential role 
as activators or inhibitors in tissue remodeling, cardiovascular diseases, 
and obesity. In particular, MMP-1, -2, and -9 may be associated with 
exercise and obesity. Thus, the current study reviewed the effects of 
different types of exercise (resistance and aerobic) on MMP-1, -2, and -9. 
Previous studies report that the response of MMP-2 and -9 to resistance 
exercise is dependent upon the length of exercise training, since 
long-term resistance exercise training increased both MMP-2 and -9, 
whereas acute bout of resistance exercise decreased these MMPs. Aerobic 
exercise produces an inconsistent result on MMPs, although some studies 
showed a decrease in MMP-1. Obesity is related to a relatively lower level 
of MMP-9, indicating that an exercise-induced increase in MMP-9 may 
positively influence obesity. A comprehensive understanding of the 
relationship between exercise, obesity, and MMPs does not exist yet. 
Future studies examining the acute and chronic responses of these MMPs 
using different subject models may provide a better understanding of the 
molecular mechanisms that are associated with exercise, obesity, and 
cardiovascular disease.

Keywords: cardiovascular disease, gelatinases, collagenases, TIMP

https://www.dovepress.com/matrix-metalloproteinases-in-exercise- 
and-obesity-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

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A shorter URL for the above link:

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http://tinyurl.com/h6sdtuo


Introduction

The property of matrix metalloproteinases

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were first observed in 1962 by Jerome 
Gross and Charles Lapiere in tadpole tissue that exhibited collagenolytic 
activity.1 Eisen et al2 were able to isolate human MMPs 6 years after its 
first discovery. MMPs are zinc- and calcium-dependent endoproteinases that 
play a crucial role in the remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) by 
breaking down its protein components.3 MMPs can be categorized, on the 
basis of substrate specificity and homology, into the following six family 
groups: collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, 
membrane-type MMPs, and other MMPs (Figure 1; Table 1). All MMPs share 
common domain structures that degrade various ECM and nonmatrix.4,5 
Specific propeptide and catalytic domains exist (ie, MMP-7 and -26) along 
with a hemopexin-like, four-bladed, propeller domain located on the 
C-terminus, which is connected to a linker or hinge region (MMP-1, -3, -8, 
-11, -12, -13, -18, -19, -20, -21, -27, and -28).6 These are the domains 
and regions that are involved in substrate recognition and inhibitor 
binding.79 MMP-2 and -9 also have a fibronectin-like domain of three type 
II repeats.6

Topics Discussed in This Article:

Activation of MMPs

Inhibition of MMPs

The roles of MMPs in CVD and obesity

MMP-1

MMP-2

MMP-9

The effects of exercise on MMPs

Resistance training and MMPs

Aerobic exercise and MMPs

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Conclusion

The previous studies we reviewed show that the response of MMPs following 
resistance exercise is more related to the length of resistance exercise 
training. In general, long-term resistance exercise training may increase 
both MMP-2 and -9, while acute bouts of resistance exercise may decrease 
these MMPs. Furthermore, aerobic exercise training leads to an 
inconsistent result in MMP-2 and -9, although some studies showed a 
reduction in MMP-1. Also, a relatively lower level of MMP-9 has been 
observed in obese subjects, indicating that an exercise-induced increase 
in MMP-9 may play a positive role in obesity.

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Elevated MMP-1 has been shown to be strongly associated with CVDs and 
obesity. Thus, a treatment targeting on lowering MMP-1 may benefit the 
most in patients with CVDs or obesity. In this regard, an exercise 
intervention should include a long-term aerobic training as it can reduce 
the MMP-1 levels and prevent obesity. Reducing MMP-2 would improve 
prognosis of CVDs, and long-term aerobic training would help reduce MMP-2 
levels as well. However, the potential drawback of long-term aerobic 
training would be decreased level of MMP-9, which may hinder some 
beneficial effects of exercise on obesity and plaque development. 
Therefore, it is important to balance aerobic exercise with long-term 
resistance training, which may increase MMP-9, thereby offering the most 
positive effects of exercise training on improvement in MMPs. Future 
studies examining the effects of different types of aerobic and resistance 
exercise training or a combination of these two forms of training would 
give more insight on how exercise influences MMPs. Also, exercise 
intensity may play a role in changes in MMPs, although it has not been 
fully examined. Therefore, findings on how different types, intensities, 
and duration of exercises and when to measure MMPs will open a new 
spectrum of molecular mechanism that is mostly unknown.

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The complete article may be read at the URL above.

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Other article by this author:



ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Niacin increased glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels in sedentary 
nondiabetic postmenopausal women
Koh Y, Bidstrup H, Nichols DL
International Journal of Women's Health 2014, 6:913-920
Published Date: 23 October 2014


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