medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture
In Latin-rite churches and in others influenced by their sanctoral calendars today (26. December) is the feast of Stephen, protomartyr (d. ca. 34-40). Byzantine-rite churches celebrate this feast on 27. December. In the Armenian Apostolic Church, which celebrates the Nativity along with the Theophany on 6. January, Stephen's feast is kept on 25. December. The Coptic Orthodox Church celebrates it on Toba 1, i.e. 9. January (two days before the Theophany). We know about Stephen from Acts (6:1 through 8:2; 11:19); a critic of the Temple, he was stoned to death. On the basis of Acts 6:1-6 Stephen has traditionally been thought of as a deacon.
Supplementing Gordon Plumb's post of earlier today, herewith some period-pertinent images of the Stoning of St. Stephen:
a) as in the mid-ninth-century Drogo Sacramentary from Metz (Paris, BnF, ms. Latin 9428, fol. 27r):
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60000332/f63.item.zoom
b) as depicted in the late tenth- or very early eleventh-century so-called Menologion of Basil II (Città del Vaticano, BAV, cod. Vat. gr. 1613, p. 275):
http://tinyurl.com/26838c2
c) as depicted in a late tenth- or earlier eleventh-century troper from Autun (betw. 996 and 1024; Paris, BnF, ms. Arsenal 1169, fol. 6v):
http://tinyurl.com/22pw74f
d) as depicted in a late eleventh-century gradual of French origin (Paris, BnF, Latin 18010, fol. 37v):
gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84262769/f78.item.zoom
e) as depicted in a late eleventh- or early twelfth-century fresco (from the església parroquial Sant Joan de Boí [also Bohí]) in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona:
http://www.museunacional.cat/sites/default/files/015953-000.JPG
f) as portrayed in high relief on an earlier twelfth-century capital at Autun's cathédrale Saint-Lazare (images expandable):
http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/France/autun/Capitals/Autun-cap-25/Autun-Cap25.html
A closer view:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/sharmanka/4648389028
g) as depicted in an earlier twelfth-century homiliary (Cambrai, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 528, fol. 120v):
http://tinyurl.com/9j9sfg
h) as portrayed (at right in the second register from bottom) in the tympanum of the earlier twelfth-century north portal (ca. 1130-1150) of the cathédrale Saint-Étienne in Cahors:
http://tinyurl.com/jnmuepw
Detail view:
http://www.parole-et-patrimoine.org/romanes/images/carnets/cahors_c3.jpg
i) as portrayed in high relief on the late twelfth-century portal of the basilique Saint-Just de Valcabrère in Valcabrère (Haute-Garonne):
https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2467/3954208282_07768caf8b_b.jpg
j) as portrayed in high relief on the late twelfth-century west portal (betw. 1180 and 1190) of the basilique primatiale Saint-Trophime at Arles:
http://tinyurl.com/ox6qq4f
http://tinyurl.com/oy6vw43
Detail view:
http://tinyurl.com/ovg3a6b
k) as portrayed in high relief at lower right in the mid-thirteenth-century tympanum of the west portal of the Sankt Stephansmünster in Breisach am Rhein:
http://tinyurl.com/2em2g4r
l) as depicted in a late thirteenth-century glass window panel (ca. 1250-1260; from the Liebfrauenkirche in Trier) in the Schnütgen Museum in Köln (photograph by Gordon Plumb):
http://www.flickr.com/photos/22274117@N08/5307261276/
m) as depicted in a panel of a mid-thirteenth-century ambulatory window in the cathédrale Saint-Julien, Le Mans (ca. 1254; Bay 201, panel A2):
http://www.medievalart.org.uk/lemans/Clerestory/jpeg/Le_Mans_Bay_201_Panel_A2.jpg
n) as portrayed in high relief (middle register) on the tympanum of the later thirteenth-century St. Stephen portal (ca. 1260-1275) in the west front of Bourges' cathédrale Saint-Étienne:
http://tinyurl.com/nw9pqvj
o) as depicted in a later thirteenth-century Epistles for the Use of Cambrai (1266; Cambrai, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 190, fol. 10v):
http://tinyurl.com/75scok
p) as depicted in this panel of a full-page later thirteenth-century manuscript illumination in a psalter for the Use of Reims (Carpentras, Bibliothèque municipale Inguimbertine, ms. 0077 (\1), fol. 172v):
http://tinyurl.com/7o9fx9
q) as depicted in a late thirteenth-century copy of French origin of the _Legenda aurea_ (San Marino, CA, Huntington Library, ms. HM 3027, fol. 8v):
http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ds/huntington/images//000977A.jpg
r) as depicted in the late thirteenth-century Livre d'images de Madame Marie (ca. 1285-1290; Paris, BnF, ms. Nouvelle acquisition française 16251, fol. 76r):
http://tinyurl.com/2e2dk4x
s) as depicted in by Bernardo Daddi in an earlier fourteenth-century fresco (1324) in Florence's basilica di Santa Croce:
http://www.wga.hu/art/d/daddi/stephen.jpg
t) as depicted in an earlier fourteenth-century copy of the _Legenda aurea_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (ca. 1326-1350; Paris, BnF, ms. Français 185, fol. 76v):
http://tinyurl.com/267p2nm
u) as in an earlier fourteenth-century fresco cycle (betw. 1335 and 1350) in the church of the Holy Ascension at the Visoki Dečani monastery near Peć in, depending on one's view of the matter, either the Republic of Kosovo or Serbia's province of Kosovo and Metohija:
http://tinyurl.com/yfdrw7b
v) as depicted in a late fourteenth-century copy of the _Legenda aurea_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (1382; London, BL, Royal MS 19 B XVII, fol. 26r):
http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=47997
w) as depicted by Giovanni di Benedetto and workshop in a late fourteenth-century Franciscan missal of Milanese origin (ca. 1385-1390; Paris, BnF, ms. Latin 757, fol. 286v)
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8470209d/f576.item.r=.zoom
x) in an early fifteenth-century copy of the _Elsässische Legenda aurea_ (1419; Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Cod. Pal. germ. 144, fol. 50v):
http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cpg144/0116?sid=2866a728ad7b56361c2caee24c4550e3
y) as depicted by Beato Angelico in a mid-fifteenth-century fresco cycle (ca. 1448) in the Vatican's Cappella Niccolina:
http://www.wga.hu/art/a/angelico/10/3east/10east.jpg
z) as depicted in grisaille by Jean le Tavernier in the mid-fifteenth-century Hours of Philip of Burgundy (ca. 1451-1460; Den Haag, KB, ms. 76 F 2, fol. 256r):
http://manuscripts.kb.nl/zoom/BYVANCKB%3Amimi_76f2%3A256r_min
aa) as depicted in a late fifteenth-century copy of the _Legenda aurea_ in its French-language version by Jean de Vignay (ca. 1480-1490; Paris, BnF, ms. Français 244, fol. 29r):
http://tinyurl.com/ygddhgu
bb) as depicted (right margin at top) in a hand-colored woodcut in the Beloit College copy of Hartmann Schedel's late fifteenth-century _Weltchronik_ (_Nuremberg Chronicle_; 1493) at fol. CIIIv:
http://www.beloit.edu/nuremberg/book/6th_age/left_page/7%20%28Folio%20CIIIv%29.pdf
Best,
John Dillon
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