CALL FOR BOOK CHAPTER PROPOSALS

*Tourism, Immigration and Multiculturalism**//*

*/We are pleased to announce a Call for Chapter Proposals for the book
which will present new and emerging direction in research in the area of
tourism. Theoretical contributions as well as empirical and case studies
to advance our understanding about this phenomenon are welcomed. /*


*Omar Moufakkir*

Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait

*Yvette Reisinger*

Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait

*Ruud Welten*

Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands

**

Please send extended abstracts (up to 500 words) or intention for
contribution or questions to Professor Omar Moufakkir
<[log in to unmask] <mailto:[log in to unmask]>> and Professor
Yvette Reisinger <[log in to unmask] <mailto:[log in to unmask]>>.

All submissions will be reviewed and should include author(s) names,
affiliations, and contact details.

*/Abstract submission for chapter proposals: No later than January 15,
2016/*

*/Notification of acceptance: January 30, 2016/*


Growth in migration and tourism are two of the most significant
manifestations of globalisation. Despite their relatedness and
importance, there has been very little research into their relationship
(UNWTO, 2009). According to UWTO, “Migration makes important social and
economic contributions to destination countries, culturally enriching
their society, enhancing the tourism product and providing labour for
the travel, tourism, hospitality and catering sectors” (p. vii). There
are, however, also some negative aspects as a result of this
relationship, which include ‘brain drain’, reduction in tax revenue in
origin countries and wage deflation and social tension in destination
countries (UNWTO, 2009). _It is the social tension aspects_ of this
phenomenon that are the focus of this edited book. The primary focus of
the proposed volume is on the effects of immigration and
integration/segregation/no-integration/acculturation on perceptions and
their impacts on destination visitation and travel propensity.

More than a decade ago MacCannell noted that the “rapid implosion of the
Third World into the First constitutes a reversal and transformation of
the structure of tourism, and in many ways it is more interesting than
the first phase of the globalization of culture” (MacCannell, 1999, p.
xxii). This implosion has consequences for public opinion
about immigration and perceptions of immigrants. Most recently,
politicians referred to the growing tensions between natives
and immigrants as ‘the failure of multiculturalism’. For example, German
Chancellor Angela Merkel, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, and UK Prime
Minister David Cameron have all declared that multiculturalism has
failed in their respective countries.

Regardless of the roots of the failure of multiculturalism and its
impacts on communities, international terrorism, home grown terror, and
the rise of ultra-nationalist sentiments must certainly have /new
/impacts on tourism destinations and markets (Moufakkir, 2008; 2013;
2014; 2015). The increasing number of immigrants from developing to
developed countries and accompanying policies, public opinion, and
politically and sensationally charged media contents should no longer go
unnoticed in tourism studies, especially that a number of developing
countries represent major tourist destinations for international tourists.

It could be assumed that if members of a native group hold negative
perceptions of an ethnic minority group at home they are less likely to
visit the country of origin of that ethnic group for tourism purposes.
Or as Rosello (2001, p. 3) puts it: “I suspect that people who perceive
their own cherished homeland as threatened by herds of dangerous
foreigners” would want to encounter those herds in millions somewhere
else or in their proper turf. On the other hand, we could also ask: To
what extent encounters with ethnic minority groups stimulate a desire to
visit their country of origin? What makes an ethnic minority group more
_or_ less attractive than others, and to what extent does the outcome of
ethnic encounters influence destination choice or intention to visit?

On the other hand, how does the echo of the multicultural drama
influence the gaze of host communities upon tourists coming from the
‘drama’ country? Are the rules of hospitality changing in tourism as
they have changed in immigration? In the Odyssey, Homer says: a guest
never forgets a host who treated him kindly! What echo does the
multicultural drama have on tourism destinations and the gaze of their
people?

For example, what makes Turkey so popular for German tourists despite
the rising immigration-related tensions in Germany? What effects
does/will this tension have on hospitality and host-guest encounters and
gazes in Turkey? What is the situation in France and Algeria? Does
perception of immigrant groups activate or discourage intentions to
visit migrant sending countries to enjoy tourism? What do British
tourists think about visiting Pakistan? How do Pakistanis welcome
British tourists? What do Americans think about Mexico, the Mexican
people, and the Mexicans in the US? What effects do these perceptions
have on tourism participation and consumption? Do people who are less
prejudiced towards immigrants travel more to those countries than their
counterparts? Consequently, how do people in host communities who have
family members overseas react to tourists, based on their interpretation
of the drama and the media portrayal of their brothers and sisters? A
few scenarios must emerge.

These assumptions are no exaggeration. The marketing consumer behavior
literature has long recognized the effects of race and ethnicity on
buyers’ attitudes and behavior. For example, Ouellet (2005), like many
others, have argued that “consumers' evaluations of domestic products of
varied ethnic origins are significantly correlated with declared levels
of racism towards that ethnic groups” (p. 422). This is
because perceived incompatibility between groups engenders negative
affect. This argument is also supported by the literature about
homophily (McPherson, Smith-Lovin and Cook, 2001). Individuals interact
with each other when the likelihood of shared similar demographic or
psychological characteristics such as beliefs, values, attitudes,
aspirations, education, social status, racial group and gender is
greater. Perceived compatibility demonstrates the positive effects of
homophily (McPheson et al., 2001). Studies have also examined how place
identity influences consumers’ behavioral intentions and satisfaction.
Place identity refers to a congruency between self-identity and a place.
It has been found that consumers look for a balance between whom they
are and where they are. Customer comfort has a positive effect on
consumer behaviors and attitudes. An anxious consumer is less likely to
patronize a business because of the perception of incompatibility.

Multiculturalism has become a controversial topic in many countries.
Debates surrounding multiculturalism revolve around the increasing
numbers of immigrants, illegal immigration, the rise of neo-Nazism,
nationalism, populism or fascism, Islamism, identity crisis, and more
recently fiscal crises. The fury of fascists’ sound resonates in slogans
in Greece, Germany, the Netherlands, and many other countries. The sound
and the fury of such a climate must certainly have an effect on tourism
consumption, whether with regards to the tourist gaze or to the host gaze.

The marketing literature has extensively discussed consumer behavior in
relation to multiculturalism. Effectively, various studies have
identified the importance of the interrelation between multiculturalism,
race, ethnicity, marketing and consumer behavior (e.g., Tadajewski,
2012). For example, Moufakkir tried to capture the complexity of the
relationship between tourism and immigration in ‘the effects of
immigrant animosity on travel propensity and destination choice’ (2014)
and ‘culture unrest’ (2013) and the stigmatized tourist (2014).

Tourism studies have yet to seriously engage in such a critical and
timely research endeavors (Moufakkir, 2008). The controversial climate
of immigration and its social, cultural, economic and geopolitical
playgrounds represent a fertile ground for tourism academics to revisit
tourism theory, in the light of immigration-integration nexus and its
effects on tourism participation and consumption.

This call invites theoretical contributions as well as empirical and
case studies to advance our understanding about this phenomenon.

We are looking forward to an interesting inquisitive journey with you.

*Suggested topics (other ideas/themes are welcome)*

·Worldwide immigration: policies, practices and trends and their impacts
on tourism

·Types of immigration (e.g. economic, political, retirement) and their
impact on tourism

·Immigration and cultural diversity, tolerance and assimilation and
their impacts on tourism

·Immigration and ethnic conflicts and their impact on tourism

·Immigration and loss of cultural identity in host countries and their
impacts on tourism

·Europe’s migrant crisis and its effect on future tourism in Europe

·Europe: Perceived security and impacts on tourism in and outside Europe

·Illegal and legal immigration and their consequences for tourism

·Economic, political, social, cultural, environmental and legal issues
and their impacts on tourism in relation to the new wave (modern)
immigration

·Immigration and tourism: friends or foes?

·Challenges/solutions/opportunities/future trends/scenarios

/References/

McPherson, Smith-Lovin and Cook. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily
in social networks. /Annual Review of Sociology/, 27: 415-444.

McCannell, D. (1999). /The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class/.
First California Paperback. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA.

Moufakkir, O. (2008). Destination image revisited: The Dutch market
perceptions of Morocco as a tourism destination. In P. Burns & M.
Novelli (Eds.), /Tourism development: Growth, myths and
inequalities/ (pp. 85-112). CABI: Wallingford.

Moufakkir, O. (2013). Culture shock, what culture shock? Conceptualizing
culture unrest in intercultural tourism and assessing its effect on
tourist perceptions and travel propensity. /Tourist Studie/s/, 13: 322-340./

Moufakkir, O. (2014). Immigrant animosity and its effects on tourism.
/Annals of //Tourism Research/, 49: 108-121.

Moufakkir, O. (2015). The stigmatized tourist./Annals of Tourism
Research/, 53:17-30.

Ouellet, J.F. (2005). Consumer racism and its effects on attitudes.
/Advances in Consumer Research/, 32: 422-428.

Rosello, M. (2001). /Postcolonial hospitality: The immigrant as guest/.
University Press Stanford, Stanford.

Tadajewski, M. (2012). Character analysis and racism in marketing theory
and practice. /Marketing Theory/, 12(4): 485-508.

UNWTO. (2009). /Tourism and migration: Exploring the relationship
between two //global Phenomena/. UNWTO.

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