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MEDICAL: STERILIZATION :
WOMEN :
RACISM :
EUGENICS :
MEDICAL: RESEARCH : EPIGENETICS:
POLITICAL PARTIES: REPUBLICAN PARTY, TEA PARTY :
POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITY :
MENTAL ILLNESS :
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR :
MINORITIES :
AFRICAN AMERICANS :
POVERTY :
DISCRIMINATION:
North Carolina Drops Payment to Forced Sterilization Victims?
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Righting a Wrong: NC to Pay Victims of Forced Sterilization
August 23, 2013 6:00AM ET
by Kimberly Johnson
Many states had eugenics programs;
North Carolina will be the first to provide financial compensation
Aljazeera
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/8/23/
righting-a-wrongnctopayvictimsofforcedsterilization.html
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A shorter URL for the above link:
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http://tinyurl.com/k8tu287
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Willis Lynch clearly remembers the day, 66 years ago, when his bloodline
was stopped.
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Lynch was only 14 years old when the state of North Carolina forcibly
sterilized him while he was a student at the Caswell Training School for
Mental Defectives in Kinston, N.C. The school was a holding tank for
children who were mentally disabled or were delinquents or unwed mothers.
Sterilization was required before they could return to their families,
according to documents from the state's eugenics board.
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Lynch, now 80, says memories of the operation are still vivid: the nurse
putting a mask over his face and then asking him to sing her a song while
he inhaled the anesthetic.
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"I didn't know what was going on," he said -- not even the next day, when
he found himself stooped over trying to get out of bed. Many years later,
however, he discovered state documents that made clear he had been given a
vasectomy. Lynch said officials also documented the desire to operate on
his mother, who was reliant on state welfare.
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"They didn't want her to have any more children for the state to take care
of," he said.
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Almost seven decades later, lawmakers in North Carolina now say Lynch
deserves to be compensated.
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In late July, state lawmakers passed a landmark $10 million compensation
plan for victims of its eugenics program. The amount will be split among
verified victims.
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More than 30 states in the country practiced eugenics, and North Carolina
is the first to offer financial compensation. An estimated 7,600 people --
some as young as 10 -- were deemed mentally deficient by state
public-health officials and were sterilized under the program, which ran
from 1929 until 1974. Fewer than half the victims are thought to be alive
today. So far, state officials have verified the identities of 177,
meaning each victim will receive no more than $56,500. That amount,
however, is expected to drop in the next year. Victims have that long to
come forward. Once verified, they will have to wait until the summer of
2015 until payments are made.
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snip
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Shame may very well keep some victims in the shadows, according to one
scholar.
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"It's sometimes still seen as a stain on the family, on the family's
lineage," said Lutz Kaelber, a sociology professor at the University of
Vermont who studies eugenics programs and medical crimes committed against
children during the Holocaust. "The marginalization of people who have
been sterilized has not gone away."
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Eugenics emerged in the early 1900s as a social movement thought to help
weed out genetic human defects, including mental illness. The floodgates
did not open, however, until 1927, when the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in
Buck v. Bell gave states permission to enact individual eugenic policies.
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"There was no federal law," Kaelber said. "But this decision allowed the
states to consider constitutional eugenic sterilization laws for the
welfare of the general public."
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The laws caught the interest of politicians and scientists around the
world, including Germany, which began its eugenics program well after
states did in the U.S.
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Deadline Looms For Victims Of North Carolina's Forced Sterilization
Program
Associated Press (AP)
By Jerome Bailey Jr.
Posted: 06/24/2014 3:02 pm EDT
Updated: 06/24/2014 3:59 pm EDT
Huffington Post
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/24/
north-carolina-forced-sterilization_n_5526646.html
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A shorter URL for the above link:
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http://tinyurl.com/kh8dqhy
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RALEIGH, N.C. (AP) - Victims of North Carolina's forced sterilization
program are facing a Monday deadline to file a claim to receive payment
from the state.
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An estimated 1,800 victims are still alive, 520 of whom have filed claims
so far. Of the 33 states that ran forced sterilization programs, North
Carolina is the only one to compensate victims. A $10 million fund has
been established to pay them.
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State officials are continuing to push for more victims to come forward
and file claims.
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Sunday, Aug 11, 2013 09:46 AM EDT
North Carolina's shocking history of sterilization
Forced sterilization was the law in 32 U.S. states, and actually inspired
the Nazis.
We're just learning the truth
Belle Boggs
Salon
http://www.salon.com/2013/08/11/north_carolinas_shocking_history_of_sterilization/
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People generally have two reactions when they hear about American eugenics
programs for the first time: the first is shock, and the second is
distancing. How could those people have done that to them?
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Most have heard of the program in Nazi Germany, in which more than 400,000
people considered unworthy of life - those with hereditary illnesses, but
also the dissident, the idle, the homosexual, and the weak - were targeted
for forced sterilization beginning in the 1930s. Few realize that the some
of the inspiration for Germany's eugenics program, and even the language
for the Nuremberg racial hygiene laws, which among other restrictions
banned sexual intercourse between Jewish and non-Jewish Germans, came from
eugenicists who had been practicing for years in the United States. Some
60,000 American citizens were sterilized, often under coercion or without
consent.
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Returning from my first visit with Willis Lynch, I met my in-laws, in town
from Northern Virginia, for dinner in Durham, N.C. Lynch was sterilized at
age 14 on the recommendation of North Carolina's Eugenics Board, which
determined that he was unfit to father children. When I told them about
all he had been through, they were outraged. They had never heard of
forced sterilizations taking place in the United States, but blamed their
ignorance on where they grew up. "I'm from the North," said my
mother-in-law, who had assumed that Lynch, now 80, is black (he is white).
"We didn't have things like that there."
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I went home and looked it up. Pennsylvania, her home state, never passed a
eugenics law, but managed to sterilize 270 people anyway, and also to
perform the first known eugenics-motivated castration, in 1889. The first
state to enact a eugenics-based sterilization law was Indiana, in 1907; it
was followed two years later by Washington and California. Eventually 32
states would pass such legislation. Internationally, the list of countries
with a history of forced sterilization includes Canada, Czechoslovakia and
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Japan, Iceland, India, Finland, Estonia,
China, Peru, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Uzbekistan.
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Though North Carolina did not sterilize the greatest number of people
(that distinction belongs to California, where 20,000 were sterilized),
the state's Eugenics Board was notorious for its aggressiveness. While
many states confined their sterilization programs to institutions, North
Carolina allowed social workers to make recommendations based on
observations of "unwholesome" home environments or poor school
performance. The state's program was also one of the longest lasting,
increasing its number of sterilizations while others were winding down.
Between 1929 and 1974, more than 7,600 North Carolinians were sterilized.
Like Willis Lynch, many of the victims were children, and consent was
provided by relatives or guardians who feared the loss of welfare benefits
or other consequences if they refused.
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Over more than a decade, sterilization victims waited for North Carolina
to make things right. Lynch, for his part, testified at state hearings,
gave interviews to newspapers and magazines, and talked regularly by phone
with other victims. For years, not much materialized: an apology from
Democratic Gov. Mike Easley, expressions of regret and sympathy from his
successor, Beverly Perdue, also a Democrat.
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Then in 2012, something remarkable happened: A Perdue-appointed task force
that had been listening to testimonies from Lynch and others like him for
almost two years recommended a package of compensation for the victims of
eugenics, and the state's Republican-led and oft-divided House of
Representatives supported the measure in a bipartisan effort. The plan
included equal monetary payments to victims, access to mental health
resources, and a program of public recognition and education that would
ensure that no one would ever forget what happened to them. It began to
look like North Carolina would be the first in the nation to address the
legacy of eugenics, and victims imagined what they might do with the
restitution: pay bills, fix up their homes, visit distant relatives.
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The members of the task force were united in their recommendation, but the
journey to a proposal that satisfied the victims had not been easy. They'd
listened to many hours of painful testimony from sterilized men and women
and their families, and had reviewed thousands of pages of supporting
documents: medical records, reports from the Eugenics Board, propaganda in
favor of eugenics-based sterilization. They'd looked at the faulty science
behind eugenics, as well as North Carolina's unequal targeting of poor,
vulnerable, and minority citizens. They'd considered actuarial data to
estimate the number of living victims, and calculated the potential total
cost of compensation. Though they acknowledged that no amount of money can
pay for the harm done by compulsory sterilization, they did, in fact, put
a number on the line: $50,000 for each living victim, $50 million total.
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For eugenic sterilization victims, belated justice
06/27/14 12:38 PM-
Updated 06/27/14 09:43 PM
By Irin Carmon
MSNBC
http://www.msnbc.com/all/eugenic-sterilization-victims-belated-justice
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CHARLOTTE, North Carolina - A child as young as nine years old. A
21-year-old mother of six who, a social worker complained, "made no effort
to curb her sexual desires." A woman who, the state's official Eugenics
Board worried, "wears men's clothing all [the] time." People considered
"feeble-minded" on the basis of dubious testing.
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The targets of that board's 45-year reign, from 1929 to 1974, were
disproportionately black and female, and almost universally poor. They
included victims of rape and incest, women who were already mothers - and
then their daughters, too. The state's remedy for all of them: Forced or
coerced sterilization.
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"These people were dehumanized," said Latoya Adams, whose aunt, Deborah
Blackmon, was sterilized under the state's eugenics law. "They treated
them like animals."
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Blackmon was among the last to be sterilized, in 1972. The court documents
Adams has since obtained read,
"Final diagnoses: Mental retardation, severe.
Eugenic sterilization.
Total abdominal hysterectomy."
Blackmon was only 14.
.
snip
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"I always say we were the worst, and now we're going to be the best," said
John Railey, the editorial page editor at the Winston-Salem Journal who
has spent over a decade reporting on and advocating for the victims.
.
"The worst," because it empowered social workers to petition for the
sterilization of just about anybody. Other states with sterilization
programs conducted them largely through institutions like prisons and
asylums.
.
As Rutgers University historian Johanna Schoen, who has extensively
documented the state's eugenics policy, put it, "The North Carolina
program reached into people's homes like no other."
.
"The best," because it's the first to do anything about the
state-sponsored encroachment on reproductive freedom.
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Deborah Blackmon's sister, Margaret Rankin, says she remembers the social
workers coming around the house just over 40 years ago. Her parents, a
truck driver and a housecleaner in a rural area outside Charlotte, were
reluctantly persuaded that sterilization was the best thing for Deborah.
.
.
North Carolina
Office of Justice for Sterilization Victims
http://www.sterilizationvictims.nc.gov/
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Victims of forced sterilization to receive $10 million from North Carolina
By The Daily Nightly
By Stacey Naggiar
NBC News
http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/
victims-forced-sterilization-receive-10-million-north-carolina-f6C10753957
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A shorter URL for the above link:
.
http://tinyurl.com/qdbokx8
.
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From 1929 to 1974 North Carolina forcibly sterilized thousands of men,
women and children, usually without their consent. It was part of a larger
eugenics movement that believed poverty, promiscuity, and alcoholism were
inherited traits, and that without them the gene pool could be improved.
.
Elaine Riddick was raped and impregnated at 13 years old and, after giving
birth to her baby boy Tony, she was sterilized against her will.
Afterward, she lived for years in shame, but had something to prove.
.
"People need to know that injustice was done towards them and they need to
be compensated for that," said Riddick, who was profiled by "NBC News Rock
Center with Brian Williams" in November of 2011.
.
Riddick has been a formidable advocate for her fellow victims, pressing
North Carolina to make amends. But multiple attempts at compensation have
not come to fruition.
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On Thursday Riddick said she was amazed to learn of North Carolina's plans
to compensate victims.
.
"I tip my hat to North Carolina, finally they came to their senses and
decided to do what's right," she said.
.
Still, Riddick added, the money isn't enough.
.
"You can't put a price on someone taking your womb or castrating you, it's
humiliating," Riddick said.
.
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North Carolina budget drops payment to forced sterilization victims
Wednesday Jun 20, 2012 1:42 PM
U.S. News
NBC News
http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/06/20/
12321330-north-carolina-budget-drops-payment-to-forced-sterilization-victims?lite
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A shorter URL for the above link:
.
http://tinyurl.com/pqn6doh
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Senate leader Phil Berger, R-Eden, told the Raleigh News and Observer
newspaper that there was not support in his chamber for the payments,
leaving the compensation effort likely dead this year.
Republicans had raised questions about the potential total cost of
compensation and whether offering compensation would open the door to
other people seeking damages for previous misguided state activities, The
Associated Press reported.
House Speaker Thom Tillis, R-Mecklenburg, told the News and Observer that
he considered the inability to get eugenics funding "a personal failure."
"It's something I'll continue to work on," he said.
Democratic Gov. Beverly Perdue supported the compensation plan.
.
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North Carolina Drops Payment to Forced Sterilization Victims?
June 21, 2012 at 12:00 AM EST
PBS
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law-jan-june12-sterilization_06-21/
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RAY SUAREZ: Now, the battle over compensating victims of a eugenics
program.
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Many states in the U.S. had a sterilization program in the 20th century.
But while involuntary sterilizations were abandoned in most places after
World War II, North Carolina continued the practice for decades. It looked
like it was going to be the first state to pay victims for their suffering
from those abuses, but what was a likely deal has fallen apart.
.
North Carolina House Speaker Thom Tillis conceded defeat Wednesday after
the state Senate rebuffed appeals to compensate victims of forced
sterilizations.
.
THOM TILLIS (R), North Carolina general assembly speaker: I said that if
eugenics didn't occur, it would be a personal failure. And at this point,
it is, and it's something I will continue to work on.
.
RAY SUAREZ: Between 1929 and 1974, North Carolina sterilized 7,600 people
deemed feebleminded or promiscuous.
.
Elaine Riddick was 14 at the time.
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ELAINE RIDDICK, sterilized: I was basically in the bed 15 to 17 days out
of a month hemorrhaging because of this.
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RAY SUAREZ: Democratic Gov. Bev Perdue wanted $10 million, enough to pay
$50,000 to each of the 146 known living victims.
.
The measure overwhelmingly cleared the Statehouse, but yesterday, the
state Senate announced a budget without money for victims.
.
PHIL BERGER (R), North Carolina state representative: There was no ability
to develop consensus on one particular path forward with reference to
eugenics.
.
RAY SUAREZ: Lawmakers will vote on a final budget later this week.
.
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Eugenics Board of North Carolina
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina
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Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Scholar
http://tinyurl.com/qcwy5k6
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Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Books
http://tinyurl.com/nzjl7rj
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Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Blog Search WHILE IT LASTS
http://tinyurl.com/q59uu9p
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.
Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Videos
http://tinyurl.com/m8cm4jf
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Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Domain Limited Web Search
http://tinyurl.com/m3nr4h6
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.
Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Domain Limited Web Search
http://tinyurl.com/oee883v
.
.
Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Domain Limited Web Search
http://tinyurl.com/mdunxmo
.
.
Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Domain Limited Web Search
http://tinyurl.com/pfoxwnf
.
.
Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Domain Limited Web Search
http://tinyurl.com/kad8bdr
.
.
Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Domain Limited Web Search
http://tinyurl.com/ms3xc5w
.
.
Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Domain Limited Web Search
http://tinyurl.com/ly46kd5
.
.
Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Google Domain Limited Web Search
http://tinyurl.com/k58unvh
.
.
Database Search Results Regarding Sterilization and North Carolina
FROM Temple Summon Search
http://tinyurl.com/k9mjrcp
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The complete article may be read at the URL above.
.
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