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MEDICAL: CONDITIONS: CONCUSSIONS :
MEDICAL: INJURIES: HEAD TRAUMA :
MEDICAL: CONDITIONS: CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (CTE) :
SPORTS: SOCCER :
SPORTS: INJURIES :
LAW: CASES:
The Cost of the Header
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The Cost of the Header
October 2, 2014
The Cost of the Header
By Sam Knight
The New Yorker
http://www.newyorker.com/news/sporting-scene/cost-header
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Last week, the New York Times reported that Bellini, Brazil's team captain
in the 1958 World Cup, who died in March, suffered from chronic traumatic
encephalopathy, or C.T.E., the degenerative brain disease best known in
the United States for its victims among former boxers and N.F.L. players.
Bellini was not the first soccer player to have been identified with
C.T.E. Last February, Patrick Grange, an American semi-professional player
who died in 2012, at the age of twenty-nine, was also found to have
suffered from the disease. As a result, the question has been growing,
with some urgency this year, as to whether soccer, like other contact
sports, has its own brain-injury case to answer.
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In England, where I live, and where soccer is a national,
multibillion-dollar obsession, we had a chance twelve years ago to get on
top of the possible risks of head injury in the game, after Jeff Astle, a
legendary striker for West Bromwich Albion, a club in the Midlands, died
in retirement at the age of fifty-nine. Astle, a prolific header of the
ball, had received a diagnosis of early-onset Alzheimer's. Following his
death, however, a neuropathologist found that he had in fact been
suffering from dementia pugilistica, or boxer's disease, as C.T.E. was
then commonly known. In a widely reported ruling, the local coroner
attributed Astle's illness to soccer. The verdict was "death by industrial
disease."
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The case caused headlines but little more. England's Football Association,
which has governed the game since 1863, promised a ten-year study into the
effects on young players of heading soccer balls. But the study fizzled
out, and the story went away. It was only this year, after C.T.E. assumed
its high profile in American sports-in 2013, the N.F.L. agreed to pay
seven hundred and sixty-five million dollars to settle a lawsuit over
concussion injuries brought by more than forty-five hundred former players
and their families-that Astle was remembered once again. Earlier this
year, Willie Stewart, a consultant neuropathologist at Glasgow's Southern
General Hospital and one of Britain's leading experts on traumatic brain
injury, studied samples of Astle's brain tissue and diagnosed him with
C.T.E. "In terms of head injuries and dementia, in boxers and others that
I have seen, it was amongst the worst," he told me last week. "It was
quite a remarkably scarred brain."
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A couple of days after the Bellini story appeared, I called Dawn Astle,
Jeff's daughter. A retired police worker, she had just picked up her
daughter from school; she spoke on the phone in her bedroom. With her
sister, Claire, Dawn Astle runs Justice for Jeff, a campaign to raise
awareness of the dangers of head injuries in soccer, and to care for older
players. "Our lives have been completely, completely turned upside down
since March," she said. "I can't even tell you how much. It's just
madness." This time, the Astle story has taken hold. Over the weekend,
fans at West Bromwich Albion's game against Burnley stood and applauded in
the ninth minute-Astle wore the number 9-in support of the campaign.
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Soccer is a sport newly vexed by concussion. This year's World Cup in
Brazil broadcast to an audience of billions the game's cavalier approach
to the risks of brain injury. Several players-including Javier Mascherano,
of Argentina; lvaro Pereira, of Uruguay; and, in the final match,
Christoph Kramer, of Germany-played on, or attempted to, after suffering
heavy blows to the head.
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The complete article may be read at the URL above.
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Sincerely,
David Dillard
Temple University
(215) 204 - 4584
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