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SPORTS MEDICINE :
FOOD DRINK NUTRITION DIET:
Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada,
and the American College of Sports Medicine:
Nutrition and Athletic Performance
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Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada,
and the American College of Sports Medicine:
Nutrition and Athletic Performance
Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and
the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic
Performance
Author: Rodriguez, NR
Journal: Journal of the American Dietetic Association
ISSN: 0002-8223 Date: 03/2009
Volume: 109 Issue: 3 Page: 509
DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.01.005
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Abstract
It is the position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of
Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that physical
activity, athletic performance, and recovery from exercise are enhanced by
optimal nutrition. These organizations recommend appropriate selection of
foods and fluids, timing of intake, and supplement choices for optimal
health and exercise performance. This updated position paper couples a
rigorous, systematic, evidence-based analysis of nutrition and
performance-specific literature with current scientific data related to
energy needs, assessment of body composition, strategies for weight
change, nutrient and fluid needs, special nutrient needs during training
and competition, the use of supplements and ergogenic aids, nutrition
recommendations for vegetarian athletes, and the roles and
responsibilities of sports dietitians. Energy and macronutrient needs,
especially carbohydrate and protein, must be met during times of high
physical activity to maintain body weight, replenish glycogen stores, and
provide adequate protein to build and repair tissue. Fat intake should be
sufficient to provide the essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins,
as well as contribute energy for weight maintenance. Although exercise
performance can be affected by body weight and composition, these physical
measures should not be a criterion for sports performance and daily
weigh-ins are discouraged. Adequate food and fluid should be consumed
before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose
concentration during exercise, maximize exercise performance, and improve
recovery time. Athletes should be well hydrated before exercise and drink
enough fluid during and after exercise to balance fluid losses. Sports
beverages containing carbohydrates and electrolytes may be consumed
before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose
concentration, provide fuel for muscles, and decrease risk of dehydration
and hyponatremia. Vitamin and mineral supplements are not needed if
adequate energy to maintain body weight is consumed from a variety of
foods. However, athletes who restrict energy intake, use severe
weight-loss practices, eliminate one or more food groups from their diet,
or consume unbalanced diets with low micronutrient density, may require
supplements.
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Topics Covered in This Article:
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Position Statement
Evidence-Based Analysis
Energy Metabolism
Conversion of Energy Sources Over Time
Energy Requirements
Body Composition
Assessment Methodology
Body Composition and Sports Performance
Conclusion Statement
Macronutrient Requirements for Exercise
Protein
Endurance Athletes
Strength Athletes
Protein and Amino Acid Supplements
Fat
Vitamins and Minerals
B Vitamins: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, B-6, Pantothenic Acid,
Biotin, Folate, and B-12
Vitamin D
Antioxidants: Vitamins C and E, Beta Carotene, and Selenium
Minerals: Calcium, Iron, Zinc, and Magnesium
Calcium
Iron
Zinc
Magnesium
Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium
Hydration
Fluid and Electrolyte Recommendations
Before Exercise
During Exercise
After Exercise
Special Environmental Conditions
Hot and Humid Environments
Cold Environments
Altitude
The Training Diet
Conclusion Statement
Pre-Exercise Meal
Conclusion Statement
During Exercise
Conclusion Statement
Recovery
Conclusion Statement
Dietary Supplements and Ergogenic Aids
Ergogenic Aids that Perform as Claimed
Creatine
Caffeine
Sports drinks, Gels, and Bars
Sodium Bicarbonate
Protein and Amino Acid Supplements
Ergogenic Aids that May Perform as Claimed,
but for which there Is Insufficient Evidence
Ergogenic Aids that Do Not Perform as Claimed
Ergogenic Aids that Are Dangerous, Banned, or Illegal
Vegetarian Athletes
Roles and Responsibilities of Sports Dietitians
Roles
Responsibilities
References
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Selected Sources Citing or Cited by This Publication:
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Lukaski, H. C. (2004). Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical
performance.
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Nutritional concerns for the child and adolescent competitor
Author: Petrie, Heather J
Journal: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)
ISSN: 0899-9007 Date: 07/2004
Volume: 20 Issue: 7-8 Page: 620
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.002
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Nutrition and athletic performance
Author: Rodriguez, NR
Journal: Medicine and science in sports and exercise
ISSN: 0195-9131 Date: 2009
Volume: 41 Issue: 3 Page: 709
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Dietary recommendations and athletic menstrual dysfunction
Author: Manore, MM
Journal: Sports medicine (Auckland)
ISSN: 0112-1642 Date: 2002
Volume: 32 Issue: 14 Page: 887
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Effects of Dehydration on Exercise Performance
Author: Barr, Susan I.
Journal: Canadian journal of applied physiology
ISSN: 1066-7814 Date: 04/1999
Volume: 24 Issue: 2 Page: 164
DOI: 10.1139/h99-014
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Intercollegiate student athlete use of nutritional supplements and the
role of athletic trainers and dietitians in nutrition counseling
Author: Burns, Robert D.
Journal: Journal of the American Dietetic Association
ISSN: 0002-8223 Date: 02/2004
Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Page: 246
DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2003.11.013
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Effects of habitual physical activity on the resting metabolic rates and
body compositions of women aged 35 to 50 years
Author: Gilliat-Wimberly, M
Journal: Journal of the American Dietetic Association
ISSN: 0002-8223 Date: 10/2001
Volume: 101 Issue: 10 Page: 1181
PMID: 11678489 DOI: 10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00289-9
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Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the
general population
Author: Sundgot-Borgen, J
Journal: Clinical journal of sport medicine
ISSN: 1050-642X Date: 2004
Volume: 14 Issue: 1 Page: 25
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Nutritional supplements and doping
Author: Pipe, A
Journal: Clinical journal of sport medicine
ISSN: 1050-642X Date: 2002
Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Page: 245
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Caffeine, Fluid-Electrolyte Balance, Temperature Regulation, and
Exercise-Heat Tolerance
Author: Armstrong, Lawrence E.
Journal: Exercise and sport sciences reviews
ISSN: 0091-6331 Date: 07/2007
Volume: 35 Issue: 3 Page: 135
DOI: 10.1097/jes.0b013e3180a02cc1
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