Association for Learning Technology
Fortnightly news digest 222, issued on 1 April 2011
Submitting Digest items *NEW PROCESS*
To submit items for the ALT Fortnightly Digest, including job vacancies,
complete the form at http://tinyurl.com/32bcqyk taking careful note of
the instructions given. Your care in completing the form will make our
editing job quicker and more effective. The deadline for the next issue
of the Digest is 12.00 on Wednesday 13 April 2011 for the Digest to be
issued on Friday 15 April 2011.
Key links
* Join ALT at http://www.alt.ac.uk/membership_join.html
* Summary of ALT membership rights and entitlements:
http://www.alt.ac.uk/docs/membership_at_a_glance_2010_v2.pdf
* List of sponsoring and organisational members of ALT:
http://www.alt.ac.uk/corporate_members.php
* ALT’s YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/ClipsFromALT
* ALT on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/A_L_T
* ALT wiki - http://wiki.alt.ac.uk/
* ALT open access repository - http://repository.alt.ac.uk/
Table of Contents
1. ALT news
2. ALT events
3. News
4. Other events
5. Calls for proposals
6. Funding calls
7. Job vacancies
8. ALT Online Newsletter - links to articles from the most recent issue
9. Current issue (18.3) of the ALT Journal - Research in Learning
Technology - “The transformational impact of learning technology”
NOTE: The ALT Open Access Repository is unavailable due to essential
maintenance work on 1 April 2011. Apologies for any inconvenience caused.
1. ALT News
1.1 2011 Learning Technologist of the Year Award - preliminary
announcement and call for sponsors
There are full details of the award, which closes for entries on 26 May
2011 at http://repository.alt.ac.uk/885/
Here is a preliminary announcement about the 2011 ALT Learning
Technologist of the Year Award
1. Judging panel
Dave White - representing last year's team winner (the TALL team from
the Department for Continuing
Education at the University of Oxford) http://www.tall.ox.ac.uk/
Kevin McLaughlin (St Peter’s Church of England Primary School,
Whetstone, Leicestershire) - one of last year's individual winners
http://www.ictsteps.com/
Jane Hart - Founder of the Centre for Learning & Performance
Technologies http://www.c4lpt.co.uk/
Peter Twining - Head of the Department of Education at the Open
University http://goo.gl/LHfhg
Christine Lewis - UK&EU Justice ICT Advisor, Ministry of Justice
http://www.justice.gov.uk/
Carol Higgison - ALT President http://goo.gl/VcONM
2. Outline timetable
i) details of the award announced March
ii) closing date for entries early May
iii) shortlisting of entries mid May
iv) interviews in London or Birmingham in early June
v) announcing the winners 7 September 2011
Organisations interested in discussing opportunities to sponsor the 2011
award should contact Seb Schmoller - [log in to unmask]
1.2 ALT welcomes Xtensis Ltd as Organisational Member
http://www.xtensis.co.uk/
1.3 Call for expressions of interest in chairing or co-chairing the 2012
ALT Conference
We have issued the call for expressions of interest in chairing or
co-chairing the 2012 ALT conference, which will held in Manchester
between 11 and 13 September. The closing date for responses is 3 May.
There is a PDF of the call at http://goo.gl/yCnk0
1.4 Call for nominations for Honorary Life Membership of ALT
ALT awards Honorary Life Membership to individuals whom ALT believes
have made an outstanding and sustained contribution to the advancement
of ALT's aims for the development of learning technology in a national
or international context through research, practice, policy-development,
leadership, or a combination of these. The 2011 call for nominations is at
http://goo.gl/6CMZo. The closing date for nominations is Friday 13 May.
2. ALT events
2.1 ALT-C 2011 - "Thriving in colder and more challenging climate" ALT's
18th international annual conference will be held 6-8 September at the
University of Leeds.
ALT-C 2011 - "Thriving in colder and more challenging climate" ALT's
18th international annual conference will be held 6-8 September at the
University of Leeds. Keynote speakers will include Miguel Brechner, Head
of Uruguay's Plan Ceibal, under which all children and teachers in
public schools in Uruguay have received their own laptop and
connectivity to the Internet; Karen Cator, Director of the Office of
Educational Technology at the U.S. Department of Education, and
previously head of Apple's leadership and advocacy efforts in education,
where she focused on the intersection of education policy and research,
emerging technologies, and the reality faced by teachers, students and
managers; and John Naughton, Professor of the Public Understanding of
Technology at the Open University, and the Observer's technology
columnist. Conference co-chairs: John Cook, Professor of Technology
Enhanced Learning at the Learning Technology Research Institute, London
Metropolitan University and Sugata Mitra, Professor of Educational
Technology at Newcastle University. Full details at
http://www.alt.ac.uk/altc2011/ including a web-resolution A4 flyer, the
sponsorship prospectus, and links to the call for proposals.
The hashtag for ALT-C 2011 is #altc2011.
2.2 LERSIG Workshop: Changing Learning Environments – What’s going on?
LERSIG - ALT’s Learning Environment Review Special Interest Group - will
be holding their next one-day workshop at the University of Bradford on
Wednesday 4th May 2011. Entitled “Changing Learning Environments –
What’s going on?” the aim of the workshop is to establish current trends
and issues surrounding institutional learning environments. There will
be mini-keynotes representing interesting developments in learning
environments:
* Changing VLEs – a current example of an institutional move to Moodle 2.0;
* Change Management Processes – an example of managed and supported change;
* An alternative model? – an example of a different approach to
curriculum engagement - Dynamic Learning Maps.
This will be followed by a brief review of the developments in FE and HE
in relation to learning environments and an opportunity for participants
to share recent developments and current issues. Participants will be
able to discuss the themes and issues arising from the keynotes with
colleagues at the event or via Elluminate and to frame questions for a
panel discussion.
Registration form http://tinyurl.com/LERSIGMay2011
2.3 Lecture capture - doing it well and at scale - a one day ALT event
on 16 June in London
Many organisations are turning to recording lectures and other kinds of
teaching session, and publishing these internally or externally so that
students and others can access the recordings at their leisure. “Lecture
Capture” is the awkward name for the family of technologies that support
the making of such recordings. The aim of this ALT event is to help
participants get to grips with the human, organisational, pedagogic,
quality and technical challenges of doing lecture capture well and at
scale. A small group has been working as the “conference committee” for
the event, including Eoin McDonnell, QMUL; Graham McElearney, Sheffield
University; Julie Voce, Imperial College London and Clive Young, UCL,
and we intend that the day will cover most of the following:
* Case studies of successful implementation including from the Institute
of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy;
* Lecture recording in the sciences;
* AV issues when working at scale and solutions;
* Encouraging adoption (What are the barriers?);
* Pedagogic and learning design issues;
* Supporting teachers and students in their use of lecture capture;
* Institutional policies and obstacles;
* Lecture capture myths and misconceptions and how to tackle these;
* IPR/Copyright issues.
Register your interest for this event at http://goo.gl/jxrI1"
2.4 Jointly with the E-Learning Network, ALT will be running a free
lunchtime webinar: 'Getting started with mobile learning' with Lilian
Soon and Garin Hess
11 April at 1300 UK BST
The term 'mobile learning' or 'mlearning' has been around for at least
five years but only now is the true potential being realised. Many
mobile phones are now powerful mini-computers that allow us to browse
the web, enjoy video, audio, games and interactivity. Just look around
you the next time you’re on the train - most people will be deeply
focused on their mobile phone, tablet PC or laptop. Imagine if they paid
that much attention to leaning material! The trouble is the world of
mobile learning can seem a little overwhelming. There are different
devices, different platforms and different technologies to consider. In
this webinar two experts will demystify mlearning and provide some
practical tips on how you can get started.
http://www.alt.ac.uk/workshop_detail.php?e=385
2.5 ALT/ELN 2011 webinar programme - dates for your diary. Jointly with
the E-Learning Network, ALT is running another series of free 90 minute
lunchtime webinars throughout 2011. Further details to follow.
* 11 April - Getting started with mobile learning
* 24 May - Making the most of informal learning
* 28 June - What's next in learning management?
* 20 July - Practical strategies for evaluation
* 15 September - Interview with top designer
* 10 October - Getting started with serious games
* 16 November - Writing effective quiz and assessment questions
* 13 December - The psychology of learning
[We reserve the right to change the order and titles of these webinars]
3. News
3.1 Five Key Questions
I have no hesitation in highlight this interesting document published on
16 March by Stephen Downes. The document's introduction reads: "In its
2010 'Speech from the Throne', the Government of Ontario, Canada
announced its intention to create an Ontario Online Institute (OOI) to
support online learning in the province as part of the Open Ontario
Plan. I was asked to provide some initial recommendations for that
initiative, in the form of responses to five questions."
http://goo.gl/Og8tF
4. Other events
4.1 Blackboard Teaching & Learning Conference 2011
Blackboard (and ALT sponsoring member) is delighted to announce that its
annual user conference will take place at the University of Leeds from
11-13 April 2011. All Blackboard users are invited to submit a proposal
to the Call for Papers. At Blackboard Teaching & Learning Conference
2011 the most rewarding moments come from the presentations made by
Blackboard clients. Your insights and experiences are the backbone of
the conference programme. Share your success stories and lessons learned
with your peers and be in with a chance to win a free delegate
registration to BbWorld 2011 in Las Vegas. For full details go to
http://www.blackboard.com/Leeds2011. We look forward to seeing you in
Leeds and Las Vegas!
4.2 Media & Learning Conference 2011 Dates Announced
The Media & Learning Conference 2011, aimed at policy makers and
practitioners interested in how media can be used to enhance learning
opportunities for all citizens, will take place on 24-25 November 2011
in Brussels, Belgium. It is being organised in collaboration with the
Flemish Ministry of Education and Training and the European Commission
Directorate-General for Education and Culture and will take place in the
Flemish Ministry of Education and Training Headquarters in Brussels. The
deadline for receiving proposals is 1 June 2011. For more information,
see the latest press release:
http://media-and-learning.eu/press-and-publications
4.3 ‘Follow the Sun': Learning Futures Festival Online 2011, 13–15 April
The Beyond Distance Research Alliance is collaborating with the
Australian Digital Futures Institute to offer a non-stop, 48-hour global
online festival called 'Follow the Sun'. This innovative conference will
move between three time zones and offer delegates an exciting mix of
keynotes, speakers, debates, workshops and virtual worlds delivered
across three platforms.
To register or joining the conference mailing list, go to
http://tinyurl.com/followthesun.
4.4 How to produce media rich learning materials 8 April 2011
Video is now more popular than ever - we consume it on our televisions,
computers, mobile phones and tablet PCs; we use it for entertainment,
knowledge and increasingly for learning. Audio can be published as
podcasts, added to PowerPoint presentations or used as narration in
elearning courseware. Screencasts provide an ideal way to deliver
just-in-time IT systems training. All of these media can have a real
impact and be quick to produce - but only if you know what you’re doing!
This highly-practical event will show you how. Book via eLN website at
http://www.elearningnetwork.org or contact Pat Straughan 01732 850650
4.5 ELESIG upcoming events - April to July 2011
For full details see http://elesig.ning.com/events
Spring Symposium: Students as Change Agents - 27 to 28 April, University
of Exeter
* ELESIG Midlands Regional Group Meeting - 19 May, 10am to 3pm,
University of Northampton
* ELESIG Summer Symposium (with LERSIG), 17 June, University of
Hertfordshire
4.6 Students as change agents symposium
Our Spring Symposium provides an opportunity to critically examine the
concept of Students as change agents in a digital age. The programme
includes inputs from key players in this emerging area of work, a range
of case studies will be examined and you will have the opportunity to
contribute to a set of guidelines on managing change agents initiatives.
Book your place now at: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/elesigexeter
4.7 Digital Futures - the 6th Plymouth e-Learning Conference
A conference for anyone interested in learning technology in all sectors
of education and training, with keynote speeches by Jane Seale, Stephen
Heppell, John Davitt, and Shelly Terrell, and invited workshops to
include: Simon Finch, Andy Black, James Clay, and Doug Belshaw. AND a
Teachmeet and a Robot Show. 6 - 8 April at the University of Plymouth
where it will (probably) be spring, and there will be cream teas on tap.
Go to http://www2.plymouth.ac.uk/e-learning/.
4.8 Open Educational Resources 2011 (OER11) - Earlybird bookings close
25 March
OER11 takes place at the Manchester Conference Centre Wednesday 11 -
Friday 13 May 2011 where the programme will consist of over 70 refereed
papers, workshops, symposiums and demos all exploring and reflecting on
the impact of OER on HE. Two nights' accommodation with breakfast/lunch
and refreshments, plus gala dinner are included for residential
participants. Earlybird bookings close 25 March. http://www.ucel.ac.uk/oer11
4.9 Online facilitators’ workshop
This event is for online facilitators and those who wish to become
online facilitators. The workshops take place for one day in March, June
and one in September at the University of Bedfordshire, Luton Campus
10.00am to 3.30pm. The day will begin with an introduction to the key
concepts associated with online collaborative software and go on to
cover areas such as different types of community, how to get the most
from the online tools, understanding the needs of your participants as
well as the complexities of facilitating online learning environments.
It will be run by Sarah Jones of Core Education
http://www.core-ed.org.uk/. Find out more and book your place via
Eventbrite http://onlinefacilitationworkshop-estw.eventbrite.com/
4.10 Second Call for Papers: mLearn 2011
The 10th World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning will be held
in Beijing, 18 - 21 October 2011 (http://mlearn.bnu.edu.cn). The new
full paper submission date is 5 May 2011, and the mLearn 2011 paper
submission system is now open. Before uploading your paper, you should
download the paper template and use it to format your conference papers.
Should you experience any difficulties submitting your paper, please
email: [log in to unmask]
4.11 Effective Teaching and Learning in the new and extended learning
environments of the Digital Age
Monday 9 May 2011, University of Birmingham, Nuffield Learning Centre,
Cost £30.
A workshop designed to showcase practice-based effective teaching and
learning with a range of new and emerging technologies in traditional
and new learning environments.
Programme includes.
* Technologies which can be used to make teaching and learning more
interactive in classrooms and lecture theatres
* Creating effective on line communities of learning in virtual
learning spaces
* Mobile and off-campus learning using the latest SmartPhones and
Tablets
* Augmented Reality and innovative ways of presenting and accessing
educational resources on a new generation of mobile devices
Further Details http://escalate.ac.uk/8051
4.12 CAL (Computer Assisted Learning) 2011 Conference 13-15 April 2011,
Manchester,UK
CAL (Computer Assisted Learning) is one of the leading international
conferences in the field of education and technology. The conference
brings together researchers across all education sectors: primary years,
informal learning, higher education, and across a range of disciplines
from psychology to computer science, media and cultural studies. In 2011
the conference will lead a challenging international debate about the
future of research and practice in educational technology.
Register for the conference now on
http://www.cal-conference.elsevier.com/registrationInfo.asp Information
about the conference is available on
http://www.cal-conference.elsevier.com/index.asp
4.13 ITTE Annual Conference 2011
Given the government agenda on Initial Teacher Education (ITE) and the
apparent threat to ICT the theme is 'Back to the Future?'; subtitled,
'where are we going with ICT in education and with ITE in general?'
There will be a mixture of papers, workshops, poster presentations and
discussion groups.
Booking web site www.keele-conferencemanagement.com/itte2011
If you would like present, lead a discussion or submit a poster, contact
Andy Connell, [log in to unmask]
4.14 e-Portfolio Implementation Study - Cloudworks discussion 5th/6th April
Gordon Joyes and Angela Smallwood from University of Nottingham will be
leading a discussion on the JISC funded e-portfolio implementation (ePI)
study within the E-Portfolio Community of Practice in Cloudworks
http://cloudworks.ac.uk/cloudscape/view/2201 on the 5th and 6th April.
All those who have an interest in e-portfolio implementation are
encouraged to visit and contribute in Cloudworks during the 2 days. We
will explore four key questions in relation to e-portfolio engagement
within institutions that have arisen from the ePI study of large scale
e-portfolio implementations.
4.15 6th International Blended Learning Conference
Booking is now open for the Sixth International Blended Learning
Conference: “From Innovation to Institutional Enhancement - operating in
challenging times” 15-16 June 2011, The Fielder Centre, University of
Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
The conference will be opened by Professor Quintin McKellar and our
keynote speaker will be Professor Diana Laurillard of the Institute of
Education. The programme also includes presentations, discussion
sessions and workshops from across the UK, including a wide variety of
work associated with the JISC Curriculum Design and Delivery projects.
http://www.herts.ac.uk/about-us/learning-and-teaching/learning-teaching-institute/conferences/conference-2011/home.cfm
If you have any queries about the conference please contact the
conference team through Gina Alessi on [log in to unmask]
5. Calls for proposals
5.1 iVERG 2011 conference. Immersive Technologies for Learning: Virtual
implementation, real outcomes
The second Annual Conference of the International Virtual Environments
Research Group (iVERG) will be held on 27-28 June 2011 at the Thistle
Hotel, Teesside, Middlesbrough, UK. Abstracts of no more than 200 words
should be submitted electronically to [log in to unmask]
Abstract submission deadline: Monday 4 April 2011
*All accepted conference papers will be published online in the iVERG
Conference Proceedings 2011. Keynote speakers and other news updated at
http://www.iverg.com
5.2 The Third European Articulate Conference - University of Leeds, 17
May - call for contributions
The call for contributions is now open for the third European conference
dedicated to one of the best e-learning packages out there: Articulate
Studio 09. The theme of this conference is Effective Scenario-Based
Training.
Please see the conference webpage for details:
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/articulate/conference2011
5.3 Call for AJET Special Issue articles: Virtual worlds in tertiary
education
Call for articles: Submissions are invited for a forthcoming special
issue of AJET (Australasian Journal of Educational Technology) to be
published in early 2012, entitled ‘Virtual worlds in tertiary education:
An Australasian perspective’, edited by Mark J.W. Lee, Dr Barney
Dalgarno and Dr Helen Farley. Timetable: Extended abstracts due 23 May
2011, invitations to selected authors no later than 18 July 2011, full
manuscripts due 17 October 2011.
http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/about/special-issues/virtual-worlds-2012.html
5.4 Call for Abstracts: Researching Learning in Immersive Virtual
Environments 2011 (ReLIVE11)
Creative Solutions for New Futures, 21- 22 September 2011, The Open
University, UK
Innovation in teaching and learning through virtual worlds was a major
theme of ReLIVE08. In the three years since this event, our
understanding of what it means to work, play and learn in these spaces
has increased significantly.
ReLIVE11 will revisit some of the themes of ReLIVE08, but from the fresh
perspective of using all that we have learned in between to explore how
virtual worlds can help us and our learners to find creative solutions
for new futures.
Please visit http://www.open.ac.uk/relive11 for full details.
6. Funding calls
6.1 JISC Grant Funding 03/11: Digging into Data Challenge - £1m
available for projects up to £150k over 6 to 24 months from January 2012
JISC, the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and the Economic
and Social Research Council (ESRC), along with five international
funding bodies, invite institutions to submit proposals for the Digging
into Data Challenge. The deadline for receipt of final proposals in
response to this call will be 23:59 (Greenwich Mean Time) on 16 June
2011. There is a UK specific addendum which should be read in
conjunction with the main request for proposals available on the Digging
into Data Challenge web site at http://www.diggingintodata.org/. For
more information go to http://goo.gl/9gHF1
6.2 Learning and Teaching Enhancement Fund for Wales 2011
The Higher Education Academy (HEA) is pleased to invite applications to
the Learning and Teaching Enhancement Fund for Wales for up to £2,500
per proposal. This is an open call and proposals are welcome any time up
to Friday 13 May 2011. Projects need to be commenced no later than 31
May 2011 and need to be completed no later than 31 July 2011.
http://tinyurl.com/3k78ylw
7. Jobs
7.1 University of Sydney
Centre for Research on Computer Supported Learning and Cognition (CoCo)
Job title: Postdoctoral Research Associates
Reference number: 495/0311 and 332/0211
Salary: $AUD 91,300
Full time, Temporary
Closing date: 27 April 2011
URL for further particulars: http://tinyurl.com/6jfuv9e
7.2 There is a regular supply of mainly US jobs in the learning
technology field at http://www.salt.org/salt.asp?ss=l&pn=joblistall,
with a helpful RSS feed at http://www.salt.org/Weblink/SaltJobs.rss.
7.3 Open University
Institute of Educational Technology
Research Fellow - 2 posts
£36,862 - £44,016
Temporary for 24 months
Closing date: 8 April 2011
Informal enquiries to: Professor Eileen Scanlon [log in to unmask]
URL: http://goo.gl/7SKt1
8. ALT Online Newsletter - links to articles from the 1 February 2011 issue
Article – “Chief Executive’s Report” by Seb Schmoller
http://newsletter.alt.ac.uk/10ltall5ycoz5e6g3n66lm
Article - ‘The role of embodiment in student success in virtual worlds”
by Mark Childs
http://newsletter.alt.ac.uk/11sipwzwdww
Article – “Glow: the world’s first national intranet and online
community for education” by Andrew Brown
http://newsletter.alt.ac.uk/fctye0xf3xc
Article – “Going Mobile: our approach” by Kayvon Beykpour
http://newsletter.alt.ac.uk/pv0420x866q
Article – “The National College’s online network - A case study in
building and managing a professional networking and learning system by
Stuart Sutherland
http://newsletter.alt.ac.uk/8ov4e6fk6y3
Article - ‘What to do when you get Google Apps for your school” by Kevin
McLaughlin
http://newsletter.alt.ac.uk/11xp13p4k08
Article - ‘Why some 'successful' projects 'fail'’ by Tom Franklin
http://newsletter.alt.ac.uk/1vk4dz2si0mz5e6g3n66lm
Article - ‘Smartphone studying: the technology universities try to
ignore? by Kent University student and ZDNet write Zack Whittaker
http://newsletter.alt.ac.uk/1b98kryenqr
Article - ‘Mahara 1.2 ePortfolios: Beginner's Guide’ by Eamon Costello
http://newsletter.alt.ac.uk/1bzpzf3ukhb
Article - ‘Epigeum 'University and College Teaching'’ by Wendy Harbottle
http://newsletter.alt.ac.uk/165jdwaqmfe
Article - ‘A week in the life of.Professor John Traxler, University of
Wolverhampton’, by…… John Traxler
http://newsletter.alt.ac.uk/1j5pnfi78wm
9. Most recent issue of Research in Learning Technology, the Journal of
the Association for Learning Technology (Previously ALT-J)
Volume 19 Issue 1. You can access it online from the links below. If
your organisation is a member of ALT, or if it has an online
subscription to the Journal, *and* if its network is appropriately
configured, then you should be able to click straight through to the
individual articles. Note that all organisational and sponsoring members
of ALT are entitled to online access to the Journal for all their
employees when logged into the network. *NB* If you cannot access the
Journal online, this is something we may be able to help you fix.
Table of contents http://tinyurl.com/4bpvyyj
Editorial – “Evidence and evaluation in learning technology research” by
Rhona Sharpe
http://tinyurl.com/3fsbsqd
DOI: 10.1080/21567069.2011.555604
Article – “Transforming Learners' reflexivity and the development of an
e-learning community among students in China” by Zhen Li
http://tinyurl.com/3vfc84j
DOI: 10.1080/09687769.2010.548505
Article – “How do e-book readers enhance learning opportunities for
distance work-based learners?” by Ming Nie; Alejandro Armellini; Gabi
Witthaus and Kelly Barklamb
http://tinyurl.com/3jlzaz3
DOI: 10.1080/09687769.2010.548506
Article – “Exploratory evaluation of audio email technology in formative
assessment feedback” by George Macgregor; Alex Spiers and Chris Taylor
http://tinyurl.com/3m9jzxl
DOI: 10.1080/09687769.2010.547930
Article – “Transformation through expeditionary change using online
learning and competence-building technologies” by Donald M. Norris and
Paul Lefrere
http://tinyurl.com/3md7ttl
DOI: 10.1080/09687769.2010.549205
Article – “Information technology in university-level mathematics
teaching and learning: a mathematician's point of view” by Alexandre Borovik
http://tinyurl.com/3kjbpc2
DOI: 10.1080/09687769.2010.548504
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The digest returns on 15 April 2011. All news, jobs, events, etc, to
http://tinyurl.com/32bcqyk by 12.00 noon on Wednesday 13 April. This
issue was compiled by those who submitted content for it, and lightly
edited by Maren Deepwell.
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Disclaimer. Reasonable care is taken to ensure that the ALT Digest is
accurate. But ALT does not vouch for the accuracy of information
provided on web sites to which the digest links, and opinions expressed
on those sites should not be construed to be those of ALT.
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