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MEDICAL: CONDITIONS: OBESITY :
SOCIOECONOMIC:
Obesity Rising Across All Income Levels: CDC
Obesity Rising Across All Income Levels: CDC
Education, affluence may help curb weight gain for some, but everyone
vulnerable
Health Day
Bloomberg
Business Week
http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/healthday/647422.html
TUESDAY, Dec. 14 (HealthDay News) -- Two reports from the U.S. National
Center for Health Statistics show that the obesity epidemic is hitting
young and older Americans across the economic spectrum.
The NCHS, part of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
released the reports on Tuesday. Looking at both adults and children, they
compared obesity rates using national data from 1988 to 1994 and from 2005
to 2008, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey.
Overall, "the prevalence of obesity increased in adults at all income and
education levels," during that time, the authors said, and the same
general trend held for American children. They noted that by 2008 more
than a third of American adults were obese, as well as nearly 17 percent
of children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years.
The complete article may be read at the URL above.
NCHS Data Brief
Number 50, December 2010
Obesity and Socioeconomic Status in Adults: United States,
2005-2008
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
PDF Version (1 MB)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db50.pdf
Cynthia L. Ogden, Ph.D.; Molly M. Lamb, Ph.D.; Margaret D. Carroll,
M.S.P.H.; and Katherine M. Flegal, Ph.D.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db50.htm
On this Page
Key findings
Among men, obesity prevalence is generally similar at all
income levels, with a tendency to be slightly higher at higher income
levels. Among women, obesity prevalence increases as income decreases.
Most obese adults are not low income (below 130% of the poverty
level).Among men, there is no significant trend between education level
and obesity prevalence.
Among women, obesity prevalence increases as
education decreases. Between 19881994 and 20072008 the prevalence of
obesity among adults increased at all income levels.Between 19881994 and
20072008 the prevalence of obesity among adults at all levels of education
increased.
Summary
Definitions
Data source and methods
About the authors
References
Suggested citation
Key findings
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 20052008
Among men, obesity prevalence is generally similar at all income levels,
however, among non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American men those with
higher income are more likely to be obese than those with low income.
Higher income women are less likely to be obese than low income women, but
most obese women are not low income.
There is no significant trend between obesity and education among men.
Among women, however, there is a trend, those with college degrees are
less likely to be obese compared with less educated women.
Between 19881994 and 20072008 the prevalence of obesity increased in
adults at all income and education levels.
In 2007-2008 more than one-third of United States adults were obese (1).
Obese individuals are at increased risk of diabetes mellitus,
cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and certain cancers, among other
conditions (2). Some studies have shown a relationship between obesity
prevalence and socioeconomic status measured as educational level or
income (3,4). This data brief presents the most recent national data on
obesity in United States adults and its association with poverty income
ratio (PIR) and education level. Results are presented by sex and race and
ethnicity.
Summary
The relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status differs by sex
and race and ethnicity group. Among women, and specifically non-Hispanic
white women, obesity prevalence increases as income (PIR) decreases, while
among non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American men obesity prevalence
decreases as income (PIR) decreases. Although the prevalence of obesity
among women with income below 130% of the poverty level is higher than
among those with higher incomes, most obese women do not have incomes
below 130% of the poverty level. Among men and women with a college
degree, the prevalence of obesity is lower than among those with some
college education. Moreover, college educated women are less likely to be
obese compared with those with less than a high school diploma. Between
19881994 and 20052008 the prevalence of obesity increased in adults at all
levels of income and education.
Definitions
Obesity: Body mass index (BMI)= 30. BMI is calculated as weight in
kilograms divided by height in meters squared, rounded to one decimal
place. Examples of obesity cut points at specific heights are shown in the
Table.
Data source and methods
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data were
used for these analyses. NHANES is a cross-sectional survey designed to
monitor the health and nutritional status of the civilian,
noninstitutionalized U.S. population (5). The survey consists of
interviews conducted in participants' homes, standardized physical
examinations that include measurement of weight and height conducted in
mobile examination centers, and laboratory tests utilizing blood and urine
specimens provided by participants during the physical examination.
The NHANES sample is selected through a complex, multistage design that
includes selection of primary sampling units (counties), household
segments within the counties, and finally sample persons from selected
households. The sample design includes oversampling to obtain reliable
estimates of health and nutritional measures for population subgroups. In
19881994 and 20052008, African-American and Mexican-American adults were
oversampled. In 1999, NHANES became a continuous survey, fielded on an
ongoing basis. Each year of data collection is based on a representative
sample covering all ages of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
Public-use data files are released in 2-year cycles.
Sample weights, which account for the differential probabilities of
selection, nonresponse, and noncoverage, were incorporated into the
estimation process. The standard errors of the percentages were estimated
using Taylor Series Linearization, a method that incorporates the sample
weights and sample design.
Estimates of the number of obese individuals were calculated using the
average Current Population Survey (CPS) totals for 20052006 and 20072008.
Prevalence estimates for the total population were age adjusted to the
2000 U.S. standard population using three age groups, 2039, 4059, and aged
60 and over. Differences between groups were evaluated using a univariate
t-statistic at the p < 0.05 significance level. Tests of trends were done
using the p < 0.05 significance level. All differences reported are
statistically significant unless otherwise indicated. Statistical analyses
were conducted using the SAS System for Windows (release 9.1; SAS
Institute Inc, Cary, N.C.) and SUDAAN (release 9.0; Research Triangle
Institute, Research Triangle Park, N.C.).
About the authors
Cynthia L. Ogden, Molly M. Lamb, and Margaret D. Carroll are with the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS), Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
Katherine M. Flegal is with NCHS' Office of the Director.
References
1.Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in
obesity among United States adults, 19992008. JAMA 303:23541. 2010.
2.National Institutes of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the
identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in
adults-The evidence report. Obes Res 6 Suppl 2:51S209S. 1998.
3.Sobal J, Stunkard AJ. Socioeconomic status and obesity: A review of the
literature. Psychol Bull 105:26075. 1989.
4.McLaren L. Socioeconomic status and obesity. Epidemiol Rev 29:2948.
2007.
5.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health
Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Accessed
November 18, 2010.
Suggested citation
Ogden CL, Lamb MM, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. Obesity and socioeconomic status
in adults: United States 19881994 and 20052008. NCHS data brief no 50.
Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2010.
NCHS Data Brief
Number 51, December 2010
Obesity and Socioeconomic Status in Children and Adolescents: United
States, 2005-2008
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db51.htm
PDF Version (1.1 MB)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db51.pdf
Cynthia L. Ogden, Ph.D.; Molly M. Lamb, Ph.D.; Margaret D. Carroll,
M.S.P.H.; and Katherine M. Flegal, Ph.D.
Key findings
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2008
Low income children and adolescents are more likely to be obese than their
higher income counterparts, but the relationship is not consistent across
race and ethnicity groups.
Most obese children and adolescents are not low income (below 130% of the
poverty level).
Children and adolescents living in households where the head of household
has a college degree are less likely to be obese compared with those
living in households where the household head has less education, but the
relationship is not consistent across race and ethnicity groups.
Between 1988-1994 and 2007-2008 the prevalence of childhood obesity
increased at all income and education levels.
In 2007-2008 almost 17% of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years were
obese (1). Childhood obesity often tracks to adulthood (2) and, in the
short run, childhood obesity can lead to psychosocial problems and
cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol,
and abnormal glucose tolerance or diabetes (3). Studies have suggested
that obesity is greater in the low income population than in higher income
individuals (4). This data brief presents the most recent national data on
childhood obesity and its association with poverty income ratio (PIR) and
education of household head. Results are presented by sex and race and
ethnicity.
Keywords: obesity, children, income, education
The prevalence of obesity among boys living in households with income at
or above 350% of the poverty level is 11.9%, while 21.1% of those who live
below 130% of the poverty level are obese. Among girls, 12.0% of those
with income at or above 350% of the poverty level are obese while 19.3% of
those with income below 130% of the poverty level are obese.
The relationship between income and obesity prevalence is significant
among non-Hispanic white boys; 10.2% of those living in households with
income at or above 350% of the poverty level are obese compared with 20.7%
of those in households below 130% of the poverty level. Among non-Hispanic
white girls, 10.6% of those living at or above 350% of the poverty level
are obese, and 18.3% of those living below 130% of the poverty level are
obese. Among non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American children and
adolescents, there is no significant trend in prevalence by income level
for either boys or girls. In fact, the relationship does not appear to be
consistent; among Mexican-American girls, although the difference is not
significant, 21.0% of those living at or above 350% of the poverty level
are obese compared with 16.2% of those living below 130% of the poverty
level (Figure 1).
Most obese children and adolescents are not low income (below 130% of the
poverty level).
Of the approximately 12 million children and adolescents who are obese,
24% (almost 3 million) live in households with income at or above 350% of
the poverty level, 38% (approximately 4.5 million) have incomes between
130% and 350% of the poverty level, and 38% (approximately 4.5 million)
live below 130% of the poverty level. Of the approximately 6 million obese
non-Hispanic white children and adolescents, the majority (4.4 million)
live in households with income at or above 130% of the poverty level.
Childhood obesity prevalence decreases as the education of the head of
household increases, but the relationship is not consistent across race
and ethnicity groups.
Overall, there is a significant inverse relationship between obesity
prevalence and education of household head. Among boys, 11.8% of those
living in households where the household head has at least a college
degree are obese compared with 21.1% of those living in households where
the head of the household has less than a high school degree. Among girls,
8.3% of children and adolescents in households where the household head
has at least a college degree are obese compared with 20.4% in households
headed by individuals with less than a high school degree.
Among non-Hispanic white and black girls, the prevalence of obesity is
significantly lower in households headed by individuals with a college
degree than in households headed by individuals with less than a high
school degree
Between 1988-1994 and 2007-2008 the prevalence of childhood obesity
increased at all income levels.
Among boys living at or above 350% of the poverty level, the prevalence of
obesity increased from 6.5% to 11.9% between 1988-1994 and 2005-2008.
Similar increases were seen among those with income between 130% and 350%
of the poverty level and among those with income below 130% of the poverty
level.
Among girls, the prevalence of obesity increased from 5.2% to 12.0% among
those living at or above 350% of the poverty level, from 10.3% to 15.8%
among those between 130% and 350% of the poverty level, and from 11.9% to
19.3% among those below 130% of the poverty level between 1988-1994 and
2005-2008
Between 1988-1994 and 2005-2008 childhood obesity prevalence increased in
households headed by individuals with all levels of education.
In boys, the prevalence of childhood obesity increased significantly
between 1988-1994 and 2005-2008 in households at all education levels.
Among boys living in households headed by those with a college degree the
prevalence increased from 4.5% to 11.8%, while in households headed by
individuals with less than a high school degree, the prevalence of obesity
increased from 14.6% to 21.1% between 1988-1994 and 2005-2008.
Among girls, the prevalence of obesity increased significantly in
households at all levels of education except where the head of the
household had a college degree. Among girls in households with less than a
high school degree, the prevalence increased from 11.9% to 20.4%
Summary
Among non-Hispanic white children and adolescents, the prevalence of
obesity increases as income decreases, yet the majority of non-Hispanic
white children and adolescents who are obese do not live below 130% of the
poverty level. In fact, overall, the majority of obese children do not
live below 130% of the poverty level. All boys and girls and non-Hispanic
white and non-Hispanic black girls in highly educated households are less
likely to be obese compared with their counterparts in households where
the head has less than a high school degree. Between 1988-1994 and
2005-2008 the prevalence of obesity increased in children at all levels of
income and education except among girls in households where the head had
at least a college degree.
Definitions
Obesity: Body mass index (BMI) = age- and sex-specific 95th percentile of
the 2000 CDC growth charts (5). BMI is calculated as weight in kilograms
divided by height in meters squared, rounded to one decimal place.
Poverty income ratio (PIR): The ratio of household income to the poverty
threshold after accounting for inflation and family size. In 2008, a PIR
of 350% was equivalent to approximately $77,000 for a family of four; a
PIR of 130% was equivalent to approximately $29,000 for a family of four.
In 2008, median household income was approximately $50,000 and 19% of
children younger than 18 lived below the poverty level . The cut point for
participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is
130% of the poverty level.
Data source and methods
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data were
used for these analyses. NHANES is a cross-sectional survey designed to
monitor the health and nutritional status of the civilian,
noninstitutionalized U.S. population (6). The survey consists of
interviews conducted in participants homes, standardized physical
examinations conducted in mobile examination centers, and laboratory tests
utilizing blood and urine specimens provided by participants during the
physical examination.
The NHANES sample is selected through a complex, multistage design that
includes selection of primary sampling units (counties), household
segments within the counties, and finally sample persons from selected
households. The sample design includes oversampling to obtain reliable
estimates of health and nutritional measures for population subgroups. In
1988-1994 and 2005-2008, African-American and Mexican-American children
and adolescents were oversampled. In 1999, NHANES became a continuous
survey, fielded on an ongoing basis. Each year of data collection is based
on a representative sample covering all ages of the civilian,
noninstitutionalized population. Public-use data files are released in
2-year cycles.
Sample weights, which account for the differential probabilities of
selection, nonresponse, and noncoverage, were incorporated into the
estimation process. The standard errors of the percentages were estimated
using Taylor Series Linearization, a method that incorporates the sample
weights and sample design.
Estimates of the number of obese individuals were calculated using the
average Current Population Survey (CPS) totals for 2005-2006 and
2007-2008. Differences in prevalence between groups were evaluated using a
univariate t-statistic at the p< 0.05 significance level. Tests of trends
were done using the p<0.05 significance level. All differences reported
are statistically significant unless otherwise indicated. Statistical
analyses were conducted using the SAS System for Windows (release 9.1; SAS
Institute Inc, Cary, N.C.) and SUDAAN (release 9.0; Research Triangle
Institute, Research Triangle Park, N.C.).
About the authors
Cynthia L. Ogden, Molly M. Lamb, and Margaret D. Carroll are with the
Centers for Disease Control and Preventions National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS), Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
Katherine M. Flegal is with NCHS Office of the Director.
References
1.Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Lamb MM, Flegal KM. Prevalence of high
body mass index in U.S. children and adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA
303:242-9. 2010.
2.Singh AS, Mulder C, Twisk JW, Van MW, Chinapaw MJ. Tracking of childhood
overweight into adulthood: A systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev
9:474-88. 2008.
3.Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Dietz WH. Cardiovascular
risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and
adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. J Pediatr 150:12-7. 2007.
4.Wang Y, Zhang Q. Are American children and adolescents of low
socioeconomic status at increased risk of obesity? Changes in the
association between overweight and family income between 1971 and 2002. Am
J Clin Nutr 84:707-16. 2006.
5.Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, et al. 2000 CDC growth charts for the
United States: Methods and development. National Center for Health
Statistics. Vital Health Stat 11(246). 2002.
6.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health
Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Accessed
November 18, 2010.
Suggested citation
Ogden CL, Lamb MM, Carroll MD, Flegal, KM. Obesity and socioeconomic
status in children: United States 1988-1994 and 2005-2008. NCHS data brief
no 51. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2010.
Copyright information
All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be
reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however,
is appreciated.
National Center for Health Statistics
Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D., Director
Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science
Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Clifford L. Johnson, M.S.P.H., Director
==========================================
A useful and concise summary of these reports:
How does your income level affect your risk of obesity?
HIVE Health Media
http://www.hivehealthmedia.com/income-level-affect-risk-obesity/
According to two recently released reports by the U.S. National Center for
Health Statistics NCHS), the obesity epidemic has spread across the
economic spectrum.
On Tuesday, two reports were released by the NCHS which is now part of the
U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, compared data on obesity
rates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Specifically, this data include information compared from 1988 to 1994 and
2005 to 2008.
During that time period, the prevalence of obesity increased in adults
across all education and income levels. Whats more is that the study
authors also found that the same general trend held true for children too.
-------------------------
Read more at the URL immediately above.
==========================================
Sincerely,
David Dillard
Temple University
(215) 204 - 4584
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http://daviddillard.businesscard2.com
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