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SPORTS MEDICINE :
PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND FITNESS :
MEDICAL: METABOLISM:
Weighing the Evidence on Exercise
Weighing the Evidence on Exercise
By GRETCHEN REYNOLDS
Published: April 12, 2010
New York Times
Magazine
<http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/magazine/18exercise-t.html>
How exercise affects body weight is one of the more intriguing and vexing
issues in physiology. Exercise burns calories, no one doubts that, and so
it should, in theory, produce weight loss, a fact that has prompted
countless people to undertake exercise programs to shed pounds. Without
significantly changing their diets, few succeed. Anecdotally, all of us
have been cornered by people claiming to have spent hours each week
walking, running, stair-stepping, etc., and are displeased with the
results on the scale or in the mirror, wrote Barry Braun, an associate
professor of kinesiology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, in
the American College of Sports Medicines February newsletter.
But a growing body of science suggests that exercise does have an
important role in weight loss. That role, however, is different from what
many people expect and probably wish. The newest science suggests that
exercise alone will not make you thin, but it may determine whether you
stay thin, if you can achieve that state. Until recently, the bodily
mechanisms involved were mysterious. But scientists are slowly teasing out
exercises impact on metabolism, appetite and body composition, though the
consequences of exercise can vary. Womens bodies, for instance, seem to
react differently than mens bodies to the metabolic effects of exercise.
None of which is a reason to abandon exercise as a weight-loss tool. You
just have to understand what exercise can and cannot do.
In general, exercise by itself is pretty useless for weight loss, says
Eric Ravussin, a professor at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in
Baton Rouge, La., and an expert on weight loss. Its especially useless
because people often end up consuming more calories when they exercise.
The mathematics of weight loss is, in fact, quite simple, involving only
subtraction. Take in fewer calories than you burn, put yourself in
negative energy balance, lose weight, says Braun, who has been studying
exercise and weight loss for years.
--------------------------------------
The complete article may be read at the URL above.
Some Selected Related Resources:
UMASS Amherst: Energy Metabolism Laboratory
Lab Director: Barry Braun, Ph.D.
Lab Medical Advisor: Stuart Chipkin, M.D.
<http://people.umass.edu/braunlab/index.htm>
The goal of the Energy Metabolism Laboratory is "Metabolic
Rehabilitation". To that end, we are working on ways to optimize the
design of an exercise "drug" to enhance metabolic health, irrespective of
body composition.
Regular exercise improves cardiometabolic health and reduces risk for
chronic disease. Habitual physical activity requires regular applications
of individual exercise bouts. Each individual bout can be viewed as a
drug, meaning; when taken at a sufficient dose, exercise has effects on
metabolic health that peak and then diminish over time, requiring a
subsequent dose to maintain the beneficial effects. In this context, each
individual dose of exercise becomes important.
Tailoring the intensity, duration, nutritional environment and
interactions with other medications to achieve the maximal benefit will
likely have the biggest impact on metabolic health.
<snip>
Women at altitude: carbohydrate utilization during exercise at 4,300 m
Braun, B
Journal: Journal of applied physiology (1985)
ISSN: 8750-7587 Date: 2000
Volume: 88 Issue: 1 Page: 246
Regulation of exercise carbohydrate metabolism by estrogen and
progesterone in women
D'Eon, TM
Journal: American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism
ISSN: 0193-1849 Date: 2002
Volume: 283 Issue: 5 Page: E1046
Effects of a single bout of exercise on resting heart rate
variability
POBER, DM
Journal: Medicine and science in sports and exercise
ISSN: 0195-9131 Date: 2004
Volume: 36 Issue: 7 Page: 1140
Endocrine regulation of exercise substrate utilization in women
compared to men
Braun, B
Journal: Exercise and sport sciences reviews
ISSN: 0091-6331 Date: 2001
Volume: 29 Issue: 4 Page: 149
The Roles of Estrogen and Progesterone in Regulating Carbohydrate
and Fat Utilization at Rest and during Exercise
D'Eon, Tara
Journal: Journal of women's health & gender-based medicine
ISSN: 1524-6094 Date: 2002
Volume: 11 Issue: 3 Page: 225
Effects of insulin resistance on substrate utilization during
exercise in overweight women
Braun, B.
Journal: Journal of applied physiology (1985)
ISSN: 8750-7587 Date: 2004
Volume: 97 Issue: 3 Page: 991
Improved insulin action following short-term exercise training:
role of energy and carbohydrate balance
Black, S. E.
Journal: Journal of applied physiology (1985)
ISSN: 8750-7587 Date: 2005
Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Page: 2285
Cytokine Responses at High Altitude Effects of Exercise and
Antioxidants at 4300 m
HAGOBIAN, TODD A.
Journal: Medicine and science in sports and exercise
ISSN: 0195-9131 Date: 2006
Volume: 38 Issue: 2 Page: 276
Influence of [alpha]-adrenergic blockade on the catecholamine
response to exercise at 4,300 meters* 1
Mazzeo, RS
Journal: Metabolism, clinical and experimental
ISSN: 0026-0495 Date: 2003
Volume: 52 Issue: 11 Page: 1471
Influence of gender, estrogen and exercise on anterior knee laxity
Pollard, CD
Journal: Clinical biomechanics (Bristol)
ISSN: 0268-0033 Date: 2006
Volume: 21 Issue: 10 Page: 1060
Three weeks of caloric restriction alters protein metabolism in
normal-weight, young men
Friedlander, A. L.
Journal: American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism
ISSN: 0193-1849 Date: 2005
Volume: 289 Issue: 3 Page: E446
Interactions between energy surplus and short-term exercise on
glucose and insulin responses in healthy people with induced, mild insulin
insensitivity
Hagobian, TA
Journal: Metabolism, clinical and experimental
ISSN: 0026-0495 Date: 2006
Volume: 55 Issue: 3 Page: 402
Sympathoadrenal responses to submaximal exercise in women after
acclimatization to 4,300 meters* 1
Mazzeo, RS
Journal: Metabolism, clinical and experimental
ISSN: 0026-0495 Date: 2000
Volume: 49 Issue: 8 Page: 1036
Endocrine responses to acute and chronic high-altitude exposure
(4,300 meters): modulating effects of caloric restriction
Barnholt, K. E.
Journal: American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism
ISSN: 0193-1849 Date: 2006
Volume: 290 Issue: 6 Page: E1078
Effects of exercise intensity on insulin sensitivity in women with
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Braun, B
Journal: Journal of applied physiology (1985)
ISSN: 8750-7587 Date: 1995
Volume: 78 Issue: 1 Page: 300
Effects of short-term exercise and energy surplus on hormones
related to regulation of energy balance
Hagobian, TA
Journal: Metabolism, clinical and experimental
ISSN: 0026-0495 Date: 2008
Volume: 57 Issue: 3 Page: 393
Continuous glucose monitoring counseling improves physical
activity behaviors of individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized
clinical trial
Allen, NA
Journal: Diabetes research and clinical practice
ISSN: 0168-8227 Date: 2008
Volume: 80 Issue: 3 Page: 371
Effect of High Cardiorespiratory Fitness and High Body Fat on
Insulin Resistance
GERSON, LAURA S.
Journal: Medicine and science in sports and exercise
ISSN: 0195-9131 Date: 2006
Volume: 38 Issue: 10 Page: 1709
No effect of short-term testosterone manipulation on exercise
substrate metabolism in men
Braun, B.
Journal: Journal of applied physiology (1985)
ISSN: 8750-7587 Date: 2005
Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Page: 1930
Effects of exercise on energy-regulating hormones and appetite in
men and women
Hagobian, T. A.
Journal: American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and
comparative physiology
ISSN: 0363-6119 Date: 2008
Volume: 296 Issue: 2 Page: R233
Effect of timing of energy and carbohydrate replacement on
post-exercise insulin action
Stephens, BR
Journal: Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism
ISSN: 1715-5312 Date: 2007
Volume: 32 Issue: 6 Page: 1139
Postexercise insulin action in African-American women.
Hasson, RE
Journal: Journal of the National Medical Association
ISSN: 0027-9684 Date: 2006
Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Page: 1832
Critical Importance of Controlling Energy Status to Understand the
Effects of "Exercise" on Metabolism
Braun, Barry
Journal: Exercise and sport sciences reviews
ISSN: 0091-6331 Date: 2008
Volume: 36 Issue: 1 Page: 2
Title Principles of sex-based differences in physiology
Volume 34 of Advances in molecular and cell biology
Authors Virginia L. Miller, Virginia M. Miller, Meredith Hay
Editors Virginia L. Miller, Virginia M. Miller, Meredith Hay
Edition illustrated
Publisher Gulf Professional Publishing, 2004
ISBN 044451497X, 9780444514974
Length 333 pages
Subjects Medical / Pathophysiology
Physiology
Physiology, Pathological
Science / Life Sciences / Anatomy & Physiology
Science / Life Sciences / Genetics & Genomics
Social Science / Gender Studies
Contents
General mechanisms of steroid receptors and receptor coregulator action
Nongenomic actions of hormones
Hormone receptor polymorphisms
Sex hormones and the endothelium
Reflex control of the circulation
Sex differences in hypertension and renal injury
Influence of sex hormones on the neuromuscular junction
Sexbased differences in substrate metabolism
Sex differences in steroidinduced synaptic plasticity
Mechanisms of sexbased neuropathologies
Sex differences in autoimmunity
Cardiovascular membrane excitability and the influence of 105
Sex differences in electrophysiology of the heart and cardiac arrhythmias
Sex differences in cardiac muscle and remodeling
Influence of hormones and sex on platelet functions
Sex differences in wound healing
The effect of carbohydrate availability following exercise on
whole-body insulin action
Holtz, KA
Journal: Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism
ISSN: 1715-5312 Date: 2008
Volume: 33 Issue: 5 Page: 946
Title Sports nutrition: energy metabolism and exercise
Nutrition in Exercise and Sport Series
Authors Ira Wolinsky, Judy Anne Driskell
Editors Ira Wolinsky, Judy Anne Driskell
Edition 2, illustrated
Publisher CRC Press, 2007
ISBN 0849379504, 9780849379505
Length 272 pages
Subjects Energy Metabolism - physiology
Energy Metabolism/ physiology
Energy metabolism
Exercise
Health & Fitness / Exercise
Health & Fitness / General
Health & Fitness / Nutrition
Medical / Physiology
Medical / Sports Medicine
Nutrition Physiology
Science / Life Sciences / Biochemistry
Sports Medicine
Physical Activity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Hispanic
Women
Chasan-Taber, Lisa
Journal: Journal of women's health (Larchmont, N.Y. 2002)
ISSN: 1540-9996 Date: 2008
Volume: 17 Issue: 6 Page: 999
Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes:
April 2005 - Volume 12 - Issue 2 - pp 152-156
Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas
The balance between exercise and diet: impact on insulin sensitivity
Chipkin, Stuart R; Black, Steven E; Braun, Barry
Effect of 6-Month Calorie Restriction on Biomarkers of Longevity,
Metabolic Adaptation, and Oxidative Stress in Overweight Individuals: A
Randomized Controlled Trial
Heilbronn, L. K.
Journal: JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association
ISSN: 0098-7484 Date: 2006
Volume: 295 Issue: 13 Page: 1539
Increased fat intake, impaired fat oxidation, and failure of fat
cell proliferation result in ectopic fat storage, insulin resistance, and
type 2 diabetes mellitus
Ravussin, E
Journal: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
ISSN: 0077-8923 Date: 2002
Volume: 967 Page: 363
Effect of Calorie Restriction with or without Exercise on Body
Composition and Fat Distribution
Redman, L. M.
Journal: The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
ISSN: 0021-972X Date: 2006
Volume: 92 Issue: 3 Page: 865
Calorie restriction and aging: review of the literature and
implications for studies in humans
Heilbronn, LK
Journal: The American journal of clinical nutrition
ISSN: 0002-9165 Date: 2003
Volume: 78 Issue: 3 Page: 361
Circulating Ghrelin Levels Are Decreased in Human Obesity
Tschop, M.
Journal: Diabetes (New York, N.Y.)
ISSN: 0012-1797 Date: 2001
Volume: 50 Issue: 4 Page: 707
Calorie Restriction Increases Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis in
Healthy Humans
Civitarese, Anthony E.
Journal: PLoS medicine
ISSN: 1549-1277 Date: 2007
Volume: 4 Issue: 3 Page: e76
Role of Ghrelin Polymorphisms in Obesity Based on Three Different
Studies
Ukkola, Olavi
Journal: Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)
ISSN: 1930-7381 Date: 2002
Volume: 10 Issue: 8 Page: 782
Energy Expenditure, Fat Oxidation, and Body Weight Regulation: A
Study of Metabolic Adaptation to Long- Term Weight Change
Weyer, C.
Journal: The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
ISSN: 0021-972X Date: 2000
Volume: 85 Issue: 3 Page: 1087
Substrate utilization during exercise in formerly morbidly obese
women
Guesbeck, NR
Journal: Journal of applied physiology (1985)
ISSN: 8750-7587 Date: 2001
Volume: 90 Issue: 3 Page: 1007
Glucose ingestion during exercise blunts exercise-induced gene
expression of skeletal muscle fat oxidative genes
Civitarese, A. E.
Journal: American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism
ISSN: 0193-1849 Date: 2005
Volume: 289 Issue: 6 Page: E1023
Caloric restriction alone and with exercise improves CVD risk in
healthy non-obese individuals
Lefevre, M
Journal: Atherosclerosis
ISSN: 0021-9150 Date: 2009
Volume: 203 Issue: 1 Page: 206
Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body
weight, body composition, and energy metabolism
Heilbronn, LK
Journal: The American journal of clinical nutrition
ISSN: 0002-9165 Date: 2005
Volume: 81 Issue: 1 Page: 69
Measurement of dietary restraint: validity tests of four
questionnaires
Williamson, DA
Journal: Appetite
ISSN: 0195-6663 Date: 2007
Volume: 48 Issue: 2 Page: 183
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care:
November 2004 - Volume 7 - Issue 6 - pp 615-622
Nutrition and physiological function
Energy restriction and aging
Smith, Julie V; Heilbronn, Leonie K; Ravussin, Eric
Metabolic and Behavioral Compensations in Response to Caloric
Restriction: Implications for the Maintenance of Weight Loss
Redman, Leanne M.
Journal: PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203 Date: 2009
Volume: 4 Issue: 2 Page: e4377
Effect of 6-Month Calorie Restriction and Exercise on Serum and
Liver Lipids and Markers of Liver Function
Larson-Meyer, D. Enette
Journal: Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)
ISSN: 1930-7381 Date: 2008
Volume: 16 Issue: 6 Page: 1355
Effect of Calorie Restriction on Resting Metabolic Rate and
Spontaneous Physical Activity
Martin, Corby K.
Journal: Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)
ISSN: 1930-7381 Date: 2007
Volume: 15 Issue: 12 Page: 2964
Emerging paradigms for understanding fatness and diabetes risk
Smith, Steven R.
Journal: Current diabetes reports
ISSN: 1534-4827 Date: 2002
Volume: 2 Issue: 3 Page: 223
Estimating the effects of energy imbalance on changes in body
weight in children
Swinburn, BA
Journal: The American journal of clinical nutrition
ISSN: 0002-9165 Date: 2006
Volume: 83 Issue: 4 Page: 859
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