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Riehl, S., 1999. Bronze Age environment and economy in the Troad: the
archaeobotany of Kumtepe and Troy, Tübingen: Mo Vince Verlag. 268 p.
ABSTRACT
This archaeobotanical investigation of Bronze Age agricultural economy
and environment in the Troad is based on the study of c. 270,000 seed
remains from the archaeological sites Kumtepe and Troy [Turkey]. The
rich dataset, which covers a sequence of some 3,800 years, is analysed
with various statistical methods to offer an archaeobotanical
perspective of socio-economic development and human impact on the
environment at Troy and Kumtepe. Increasing human influence on the
landscape took place from Kumtepe B onwards as is obvious in the use
of dung for fuel as a reply to the scarcity of wood. This work
demonstrates that changes occurred not solely in the range and
relative proportions of crop species and the associated weed spectra,
but also in the locations of fields. The diversity in crops and the
exploitation of a new range of species increased from the Neolithic to
Late Bronze Age. Different cultivation methods such as polycropping
during Middle Bronze Age Troy, and changing intensity in field
management during different periods, determined the development of
agriculture in the Troad. The volume concludes with four appendices on
the detected species.

TABLE OF CONTENT
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS


Editor’s preface [Hans-Peter Uerpmann] (V)

A. Abstract (XI)

B. Acknowledgments (XI)

C. Environment and archaeology of the Troad (1-14)

1.Environmental preconditions and state of palaeoenvironmental research (1-6)
a.Geographic presentations of the environment (1)
b.Geofactors modelling the environment (1-6)
■Geology and geomorphology (1-2)
■Hydrology and hydrography (2)
■Soils (2-3)
◦Start of development of soils in the early Holocene at the latest
◦Reduction of areas with woodland during the Bronze Age
◦Possible reasons for erosion
◦Four agricultural phases in the surrounding area of Troy Late Bronze
Age-Archaic phase
  Hellenistic-Roman phase
  Byzantine phase
  Modern phase

■Climate and weather (3-5)
◦Pollen data as evidence for climatic changes
◦Climatic change as reason for collapse of Mycenaean culture ?
■Vegetation (5-6)
◦Rich flora in Turkey due to intersection of three phytogeographical regions
g.The history of archaeobotanical research in the Troad (6)
2.The archaeology of Kumtepe and Troy and the origin of the samples (6-14)
a.Kumtepe (7)
■Archaeological research history (7)
■The recent excavations and location of the archaeobotanical samples (7)
b.Troy (7-14)
■Chronology (7-8)
■Archaeological research history and results from the early excavations (8-10)
■The recent excavations and location of the archaeobotanical samples (10-12)
◦Early Bronze Age [Troy I-III] (10-11)
◦Middle Bronze Age [Troy IV/V] (11)
◦Late Bronze Age [Troy VI/VII] (11-12)
◦Post-Bronze Age [Troy VIII/IX] (12)
■Comparative summary of the results from Blegen’s and Korfmann’s
excavations (12-14)
■Other research aspects within the new excavations (14)
◦New method of geomagnetic prospecting
◦Sites with Neolithic horizons around Troy
[varying population density of the area in different historical periods]
D. Methods (15-26)

1.From sampling to species list (15-18)
a.Sampling and recovery (15)
b.Processing of the sediment and off-site subsampling (16-17)
c.Identification and documentation (17-18)
2.The evaluation of the archaeobotanical data (18-26)
a.Taphonomy of the botanical macrofossils from Trov and Kumtepe (18-20)
b.Quantitative analysis (20-22)
■Recording system and data preparation (20)
■Descriptive methods (20-21)
■Multivariate methods (21-22)
c.The ecological evaluation of the data (22-23)
d.The economic evaluation of the data (23-26)
■Plant use in general and alternative origin of archaeobotanical seeds (23-26)
■Evidence of specific field activities (26)
E. Analytical results - Sample description and statistical analysis (27-46)

1.Description and interpretation of the samples (27-36)
a.The Kumtepe samples (27-29)
■The Neolithic / Chalcolithic Kumtepe A (27)
■Kumtepe B architecture (28-29)
b.The Troy samples (29-36)
■A layer older than Troy I (29-30)
■The Early Bronze Age contexts of Troy (30-31)
■Burnt layers from Middle Bronze Age Troy (31-33)
■Late Bronze Age buildings and ditches around the Lower City of Troy (33-36)
■Post-Bronze Age Troy - Some samples from the Sanctuary (36)
c.Contents of pottery (36)
2.Statistics (37-46)
a.Kumtepe and Troy (37-38)
■Correspondence analysis
b.Kumtepe (38-39)
■General patterns of some crop species (38)
■Types of classification of samples and species (38)
■Crops and weeds during the different subperiods of Kumtepe (38-39)
■Diversity (39)
c.Early Bronze Age Troy (40-41)
■Patterns of crop and wild plant species (40)
■Distribution and proportion of species and groups of species (40)
■Diversity (41)
d.Middle Bronze Age Troy (41-43)
■Associations of species and samples (41-42)
■Distribution and proportion of species and groups of species (42-43)
■Diversity (43)
e.Late Bronze Age Troy (43-45)
■General patterns of the crop species (43)
■Eco-groups and life form in sample composition plots (43-44)
■Distribution of species during the different phases (44-45)
■Diversity (45)
f.Summary (45-46)
F. Comparative ecology of the archaeobotanical remains from Troy and
Kumtepe (47-57)

1.The ecological interpretation of archaeobotanical data (47)
2.Interrelations between ecology and economy (47-48)
3.Geomorphology, soil science and their contribution to landscape
reconstruction in the Troad (48-49)
4.Aspects of Eastern Mediterranean vegetation and their appearence in
the Troad (49-51)
a.Grazing and browsing (50)
b.Fire (50)
c.Settlement activity (50-51)
5.Studies on past vegetation with emphasis on human influence (51-52)
6.Modern vegetation in the vicinity of Troy (52-54)
a.The pine woods of the High Plateau (52)
b.Maquis, phrygana and steppe on the Low Plateau (52-53)
c.The moisture-loving flora of the Scamander valley and the delta region (53)
d.Other ‚pastures‘ (53-54)
e.Plantations and arable fields (54)
7.The archaeobotanical species spectrum of Troy and Kumtepe and its
ecological information (54-57)
a.Potential habitats (54)
b.Maquis on the Low Plateau (54-55)
c.Moisture-dependent plant communities in the valley (55)
d.The prehistoric grass species and their significance in landscape
reconstruction (55-56)
h.The main aspects of landscape development as evident from the
archaeobotanical remains (56-57)
■Main purposes of plant cultivation
◦Medicinal plants
◦Roofing, matting, basketry
◦Fuel
◦Building material
◦Food for livestock
G. Economic aspects of the Bronze Age Troad (58-82)

1.Some environmental constraints on Mediterranean agriculture (58)
2.Crop husbandry before harvest - Fallow and manure (58-59)
3.Crop-processing after harvest (59-60)
a.Harvesting (59)
b.Threshing (59)
c.Winnowing (59)
d.Coarse sieving (59)
e.Fine sieving and storage (59-60)
4.Crop husbandry at Bronze Age Troy and Neolithic / Chalcolithic
Kumtepe (60-64)
a.Barley cultivation (60-61)
b.Free-threshing wheats (61)
c.Hulled wheats (61)
d.Pulses (61-62)
e.Fruit cultivation - with emphasis on olive (62-63)
f.Other useful plants in everyday life (63-64)
5.The weed flora (64-69)
a.Problems of species classification - Weed or wild plants? (64-65)
b.Grass pea: crop or weed? (65-66)
c.Ryegrass as a weed of cereal crops (66)
d.Agricultural techniques (66-67)
■Extension of fields
■Increase of annuals
■Introduction of new crops
■Large storage facilities
a.The progression of the weed floras of Troy and Kumtepe (67-68)
b.The location of the crop fields (68-69)
7.Insect pests (69)
8.The dung remains (69)
9.Other aspects of animal husbandry in Troy (69-70)
■Animal bones found in Troy
◦Sheep
◦Cattle
◦Pigs
◦Fallow-deer
◦Wild boar
◦Horse
10.On the organisation of economic systems (70-78)
a.Aspects of surplus production (71-73)
b.The agricultural territory of Troy (73-76)
c.Social implications of diet and consumer-producer site
classification (76-78)
11.Troy in its regional context (78-82)
a.Archaeobotanical evidence for Bronze Age trade (78-79)
■Contacts between Troy and Mainland Greece
■Finds of shipwrecks as evidence on the course of trade and traded goods
■Paintings in Egyptian tombs / Ägypten
b.Economic and ecological parallels between the Bronze Age Troad and
other locations in Greece and West Anatolia (79-82)
■Locations in Greece / Griechenland
◦Prehistoric coastal settlement Lerna
◦Argissa-Magula
◦Pyrasos
◦Thessalian sites
◦Sesklo
◦Franchthi Cave
◦Thessaly/ Thessalien
◦Servia
◦Kastanas
◦Myrtos
◦Assiros
◦Iolkos
◦Kastanas
◦Tiryns
■Locations in Turkey / Türkei
◦Demircihüyük
◦Liman Tepe
◦Panaztepe
◦Bakla Tepe
H. Summary: A model of subsistence economy and environment in the
Bronze Age Troad (66-268)

I. Catalogue of seeds and fruits from Kumtepe and Troy [Kat.-Nr.
1-181] (87-111)

1.Water plantain family / Alismataceae [Kat.-Nr. 1] (90)
■[ 1] Ribbon-leaved water-plantain / Alisma cf. gramineum Lej. (90)
2.Forget-me-not family / Boraginaceae [Kat.-Nr. 2-7] (90-91)
■[ 2] Viper’s-bugloss / Echium sp. (90)
■[ 3] European turnsole / Heliotropium europaeum L. (90)
■[ 4] Field gromwell / Lithospermum arvense L. (90)
■[ 5] Alkanet / Lithospermum cf. tenuiflorum L. (90-91)
■[ 6] Alkanet / Alkanna orientalis [L.] Boiss.-type [small seed numbers] (91)
■[ 7] Alkanet / Anchusa officinalis L.-type [small seed numbers] (91)
3.Pink family / Caryophyllaceae [Kat.-Nr. 8-12] (91)
■[ 8] Lesser sea-spurry / Spergularia marian [L.] Gris.-type (91)
■[ 9] Common chickweed / Stellaria media [L.] Vill. (91)
■[10] Thyme-leaved sandwort / Arenaria serpyllifolia L. (91)
■[11] Water chickweed / Myosoton aquaticum [L.] Moench (91)
■[12] Small-flowered catchfly / Silene cf. gallica L. (91)
4.Stonewort family / Characeae [Kat.-Nr. 13] (91)
■[13] Chara / Chara sp. (91)
5.Goosefoot family / Chenopodiaceae [Kat.-Nr. 14-20] (91-92)
■[14] Fat-hen / Chenopodium album L.-type (91-92)
■[15] Fig-leaved goosefoot / Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. (92)
■[16] Nettle-leaved goosefoot / Chenopodium murale L. (92)
■[17] Polycnemum / Polycnemum cf. majus A. Braun (92)
■[18] Prickly saltwort / Salsola kali L. (92)
■[19] Beet / Beta vulgaris L. (92)
■[20] Annual sea-blite / Suaeda maritima L. (92)
6.Rock rose family / Cistaceae [Kat.-Nr. 21] (92)
■[21] Rock rose / Cistus sp. (92)
7.Daisy family / Compositae [Kat.-Nr. 22-31] (92-93)
■[22] Corn chamomile / Anthemis cf. arvensis L. (92)
■[23] Stinking chamomile / Anthemis cotula L. (92)
■[24] Carthamus / Carthamus creticus L.-type (92)
■[25] Milk thistle / Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertner-type (93)
■[26] Annual mugwort / Artemisia annua L.-type (93)
■[27] Pot marigold / Calendula officinalis L. (93)
■[28] Knapweed / Centaurea sp. (93)
■[29] Hawkbit / Leontodon sp. (93)
■[30] Cotton thistle / Onopordum acanthium L.-type (93)
■[31] Hawkweed oxtongue / Picris cf. hieracioides L. (93)
8.Bindweed family / Convolvulaceae [Kat.-Nr. 32] (93)
■[32] Field bindweed / Convolvulus arvensis L.-type (93)
9.Mustard family / Cruciferae [Kat.-Nr. 33-37] (93)
■[33] Gold-of-pleasure / Camelina sativa [L.] Crantz (93)
■[34] Bitter-cress / Cardamine-type (93)
■[35] Thale cress / Arabidopsis thaliana [L.] Heynh.-type (93)
■[36] Cabbage / Brassica sp. (93)
■[37] Shepherd’s-purse / Capsella sp. (93)
10.Sedge family / Cyperaceae [Kat.-Nr. 38-48] (93-94)
■[38] Grey sedge / Carex divulsa Stokes (93)
■[39] Remote sedge / Carex remota L.-type (94)
■[40] [Trigonal] sedge / Carex sp. [biconvex] and Carex sp. (94)
■[41] Great fen-sedge / Cladium mariscus [L.] Pohl (94)
■[42] Galingale / Cyperus longus L.-type (94)
■[43] Spike-rush / Eleocharis uniglumis / palustris-type (94)
■[44] Sea club-rush / Scirpus maritimus L. (94)
■[45] Spring sedge / Carex cf. caryophyllea Latourr. (94)
■[46] Dotted sedge / Carex cf. punctata Gaudin-type (94)
■[47] Bubani / Fimbristylis bisumbellata [Forssk.] (94)
■[48] Black bog-rush / Schoenus nigricans L. (94)
11.Spurge family / Euphorbiaceae [Kat.-Nr. 49] (94)
■[49] Sun spurge / Euphorbia helioscopia L. (94)
12.Beech family / Fagaceae [Kat.-Nr. 50] (94-95)
■[50] Oak / Quercus sp. (94-95)
13.Geranium family / Geraniaceae [Kat.-Nr. 51] (95)
■[51] Cut-leaved cranesbill / Geranium cf. dissectum L. (95)
14.Grass family / Gramineae [Kat.-Nr. 52-88] (95-98)
■[52] [Gouan] Parl / Aeluropus cf. litoralis (95)
■[53] Orange Foxtail / Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.-type (95)
■[54] Foxtail, meadow grass / Alopecurus arundinaceus Poiret-type (95)
■[55] Marsh foxtail / Alopecurus geniculatus L.-type (95)
■[56] Tor-grass / Brachypodium pinnatum [L.] P. Beauv.-type (95)
■[57] Soft-brome / Bromus hordaceus L.-type (96)
■[58] Brome grass / Bromus intermedius Guss.-type (96)
■[59] Brome grass / Bromus rigidus / Bromus sterilis (96)
■[60] Drooping brome / Bromus tectorum L.-type (96)
■[61] Small love-grass / Eragrostis cf. minor Host (96)
■[62] Jersey love-grass / Eragrostis pilosa [L.] P. Beauv.-type (96)
■[63] Fescue / Festuca sp. (96)
■[64] Mediterranean barley / Hordeum cf. geniculatum All. (96-97)
■[65] Sea barley / Hordeum marinum Hudson type (97)
■[66] Wall barley / Hordeum murinum sensu Boiss.-type (97)
■[67] Persian rye-grass / Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen ex. Boiss.-type (97)
■[68] Perennial rye-grass / Lolium perenne L.-type (97)
■[69] Flaxfield rye-grass / Lolium remotum Schrank-type (97)
■[70] Bulbous - awned canary-grass / Phalaris aquatica - Phalaris
paradoxa (98)
■[71] Reed canary-grass / Phalaris arundinacea L.-type (98)
■[72] Lesser canary-grass / Phalaris minor Retz.-type (98)
■[73] Purple-stem cat’s tail / Phleum phleoides [L.] Karsten-type (98)
■[74] Common reed / Phragmites sp. (98)
■[75] Rough meadow grass / Poa trivialis L.-type (98)
■[76] Bent / Agrostis sp. (98)
■[77] Wild oat / Avena sp. (98)
■[78] Whorl-grass / Catabrosa aquatica [L.] P. Beauv.-type (98)
■[79] Ancestral two-row barley / Hordeum cf. spontaneum C. Koch (98)
■[80] Darnel / Lolium temulentum-type (98)
■[81] Millet / Milium-type (98)
■[82] Link-type [confused canary-grass] / Phalaris brachystachys (98)
■[83] Sand cat’s-tail / Phleum arenarium L.-type (98)
■[84] Timothy / Phleum pratense L.-type (98)
■[85] Swamp meadow-grass / Poa palustris Grossh.-type (98)
■[86] Smooth meadow-grass / Poa pratensis L.-type (98)
■[87] Mediterranean polypogon / Polypogon maritimus Willd.-type (98)
■[88] Bristle-grass / Setaria sp. (98)
15.Cereals [Kat.-Nr. 89-93] (98-99)
■[89] Six-row barley, hulled / Hordeum vulgare L. (98-99)
■[90] Common millet / Panicum miliaceum L. (99)
■[91] Free-threshing wheat / Triticum aestivum / Triticum durum (99)
■[92] Emmer, Einkorn / Triticum dicoccum Schrank, Triticum monococcum L. (99)
■[93] Culm nodes / Cerealia (99)
16.Quillwort family / Isoëtaceae [Kat.-Nr. 94-95] (100)
■[94] Quillwort / Isoëtes duriei Bory (100)
■[95] Land quillwort / Isoëtes histrix Bory (100)
17.Rush family / Juncaceae [Kat.-Nr. 96] (100)
■[96] Rush / Juncus spp. (100)
18.Mint family / Lamiaceae [Kat.-Nr. 97-99] (100)
■[97] Cut-leaved germander / Teucrium cf. botrys L. (100)
■[98] Wild marjoram / Origanum vulgare L. (100)
■[99] Germander / Teucrium flavum L. (100)
19.Pea family / Leguminosae [Kat.-Nr. 100-112] (100-102)
■[100] Milk-vetch / Astragalus sp. (100)
■[101] Disk trefoil / Hymenocarpus circinnatus (100)
■[102] Medick / Medicago sp., Sect. Spirocarpos Ser. (100-101)
         Subsect. Leptospireae [Urb.] Heyn
■[103] Large disk-medick / Medicago orbicularis [L.] All. (101)
■[104] Medick / Medicago turbinate [L.] All. (101)
■[105] Sainfoin / Onobrychis hypargyrea Boiss.-type (101)
■[106] Sainfoin / Onobrychis sp. (101)
■[107] Caterpillar-plant / Scorpiurus muricatus L. (101)
■[108] Hatchet vetch / Securigera securidaca [L.] Dege & Dörf. (101)
■[109] Clover / Trifolium spp. (101)
■[110] Star-fruited fenugreek / Trigonella cf. monspeliaca L. (101)
■[111] Black medick / Medicago lupulina L. (101)
■[112] Hairy vetchling / Lathyrus cf. hirsutus L. (101-102)
20.Crop legumes [Kat.-Nr. 113-118] (102-104)
■[113] Chickpea / Cicer arietinum L. (102)
■[114] Grass pea / Latyrus cicera - Latyrus sativus (102)
■[115] Lentil / Lens culinaris Medik. (102)
■[116] Garden pea / Pisum sativum L. (102-103)
■[117] Bitter vetch / Vicia ervilia [L.] (103)
■[118] Broad bean / Vicia faba L. (103-104)
21.Flax family / Linaceae [Kat.-Nr. 119-120] (104)
■[119] Upright yellow flax / Linum cf. strictum L. (104)
■[120] Flax / Linum usitatissimum L. (104)
22.Mallow family / Malvaceae [Kat.-Nr. 121-123] (104)
■[121] Common mallow / Malva sylvestris L. (104)
■[122] Mallow / Malva sp. (104)
■[123] Small mallow / Malva pusilla Sm. (104)
23.Mulberry family / Moraceae [Kat.-Nr. 124] (104-105)
■[124] Fig / Ficus carica L. (104-105)
24.Olive family / Oleaceae [Kat.-Nr. 125] (105)
■[125] Olive / Olea europaea L. (105)
25.Poppy family / Papaveraceae [Kat.-Nr. 126-128] (105)
■[126] Common fumitory / Fumaria officinalis L.-type (105)
■[127] Red horned-poppy / Glaucium corniculatum [L.] Rud. (105)
■[128] Common poppy - long-headed poppy /
          Papaver rhoeas - Papaver dubium (105)
26.Pine family / Pinaceae [Kat.-Nr. 129] (106)
■[129] Pine / Pinus sp. (106)
27.Plantain family / Plantaginaceae [Kat.-Nr. 130-131] (106)
■[130] Branched plantain / Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit.-type (106)
■[131] Ribwort plantain / Plantago lanceolata L.-type (106)
28.Rhubarb family / Polygonaceae [Kat.-Nr. 132-139] (106)
■[132] Knotgrass - red-knotgrass / Polygonum aviculare -
         Polygonum patulum (106)
■[133] Pale persicaria / Polygonum lapathifolium - Polygonum
salicifolium (106)
■[134] Clustered dock / Rumex conglomeratus Murr.-type (106)
■[135] Greek dock / Rumex cristatus DC. (106)
■[136] Black bindweed / Polygonum convolvulus L. (106)
■[137] Cornfield knotgrass / Polygonum rurivagum Jord.-type (106)
■[138] Fiddle dock / Rumex cf. pulcher L. (106)
■[139] Wood dock / Rumex cf. sanguineus L. (106)
29.Purslane family / Portulacaceae [Kat.-Nr. 140] (106)
■[140] Common purslane / Portulaca oleracea L. (106)
30.Primerose family / Primulaceae [Kat.-Nr. 141] (107)
■[141] Pimpernel / Anagallis sp. (107)
31.Buttercup family / Ranunculaceae [Kat.-Nr. 142-148] (107)
■[142] Pheasant’s-eye / Adonis annua L.-type (107)
■[143] Common meadow-rue / Thalictrum flavum L. (107)
■[144] Common water-crowfoot / Ranunculus aquatilis sensu Post-type (107)
■[145] Corn buttercup / Ranunculus arvensis L. (107)
■[146] Bulbous buttercup / Ranunculus bulbosus L.-type (107)
■[147] Small-flowered buttercup / Ranunculus chius - Ranunculus
parviflorus (107)
■[148] Meadow-rue / Thalictrum cf. lucidum L. (107)
32.Mignonette family / Resedaceae [Kat.-Nr. 149] (107)
■[149] Weld / Reseda luteola L. (107)
33.Buckthorn family / Rhamnaceae [Kat.-Nr. 150] (107)
■[150] Christ’s thorns / Paliurus spina-christi Miller (107)
34.Rose family / Rosaceae [Kat.-Nr. 151-157] (107)
■[151] Thorny burnet / Sarcopoterium spinosum [L.] Spach (107)
■[152] Strawberry / cf. Fragaria sp. (107)
■[153] Apple - pear / Malus - Pyrus (107)
■[154] Rose / Rosa sp. (107)
■[155] Dewberry / Rubus cf. caesius L. (107)
■[156] Blackberry / Rubus fruticosus L.-type (107)
■[157] Raspberry / Rubus cf. ideaeus L. (107)
35.Bedstraw family / Rubiaceae [Kat.-Nr. 158-163] (107-108)
■[158] Woodruff / Asperula arvensis - Asperula orientalis (108)
■[159] Cleavers / Galium aparine L. (108)
■[160] Bedstraw / Galium aparine - Galium spurium L.-type (108)
■[161] False cleavers / Galium spurium L. (108)
■[162] Field madder / Sherardia arvensis L. (108)
■[163] Bedstraw / Galium divaricatum Pourr. ex Lam.-type (108)
36.Foxglove family / Scrophulariaceae [Kat.-Nr. 164-165] (108)
■[164] Mullein / Verbascum sp. (108)
■[165] Common field-speedwell / Veronica persica Poiret-type (108)
37.Nightshade family / Solanaceae [Kat.-Nr. 166-168] (108-109)
■[166] Henbane / Hyoscyamus niger L. (108)
■[167] Japanese-lantern / Physalis alkekengi L. (108-109)
■[168] Black nightshade / Solanum nigrum L. (109)
38.Daphne family / Thymelaeceae [Kat.-Nr. 169] (109)
■[169] Thymelaea / Thymelaea sp. (109)
39.Reedmace family / Typhaceae [Kat.-Nr. 170] (109)
■[170] Bulrush / Typha cf. latifolia L. (109)
40.Parsley family / Umbelliferae [Kat.-Nr. 171-173] (109)
■[171] Lesser water-parsnip / Berula erecta Hudson (109)
■[172] Hedge-parsley / Torilis leptophylla [L.] and Torilis-type (109)
■[173] Wild carrot / Daucus carota L. (109)
41.Stinging nettle family / Urticaceae [Kat.-Nr. 174-175] (109)
■[174] Roman nettle / Urtica cf. pilulifera L. (109)
■[175] Common nettle / Urtica dioica L. (109)
1.Spikenard family / Valerianaceae [Kat.-Nr. 176-178] (109-110)
■[176] Cornsalad / Valerianella dentata [L.] Pollich (109-110)
■[177] Valerian / Centhrantus sp. (110)
■[178] Corn salad / Valerianella coronata [L.] DC. (110)
2.Teak family / Verbenaceae [Kat.-Nr. 179] (110)
■[179] Vervain / Verbena officinalis L. (110)
3.Grape family / Vitaceae [Kat.-Nr. 180] (110-111)
■[180] Grape-vine / Vitis vinifera L. (110-111)
4.Insects [Kat.-Nr. 181] (111)
■[181] ‘Pea beetle’ / Bruchus sp. (111)
J. References (113-124)

K. Illustrations (125-203)

1.Figures [16] (125-139)
■[ 1] Flotation machine (126)
■[ 2] Working area in F29 at Kumtepe (127)
■[ 3] ‘Bioprofile’ in F28 at Kumtepe (128)
■[ 4] Schliemann’s Trench with layer older than Troy I (129)
■[ 5] Troy II buildings outside the fortification wall (130)
■[ 6] Troy IV building (131)
■[ 7] Different corner of the Troy IV building (132)
■[ 8] Troy VI ditch around the Lower City (133)
■[ 9] Troy VIIa buildings (134)
■[10] Troy VIIb buildings (135)
■[11] The PBA sanctuary (136)
■[12] Phrygana near Çiplak, with Sarcopoterium spinosum in the
foreground (137)
■[13] Pine wood relic near Gökçali (137)
■[14] Scamander delta with a flock of sheep (138)
■[15] Slope with Asphodeline lutea and Hypecoum procumbens (138)
■[16] Overgrazed palaeo-sand dune (139)
2.Graphs [48] (139-183)
■[ 1] Kumtepe and Troy - Scatter plot of species and samples (139)
■[ 2] Kumtepe and Troy - Scatter plot of samples (140)
■[ 3] Kumtepe and Troy - Scatter plot of a part of the samples (140)
■[ 4] Kumtepe and Troy - Scatter plot of a part of the samples [with
reduced species participation] (141)
■[ 5] Kumtepe B and Early Bronze Age Troy - Scatter plot of samples
and species (142)
■[ 6] Number of species categories in each eco-group (142)
■[ 7] Kumtepe - Scatter plot of species (143)
■[ 8] Kumtepe - Scatter plot of sample classes for wild plants (144)
■[ 9] Kumtepe - Scatter plot of sample classes [same types] (144)
■[10] Kumtepe - Species abundance for species classes [for wild
plants] in each sample (145)
■[11] Kumtepe - Species presence for species classes [for wild plants]
in each sample (146)
■[12] Kumtepe - Participation plot: Percentage participation of
members of the crops and the typical weeds in each sample (147)
■[13] Kumtepe - Presence plot: Species presence of members of the crop
and the weed group in each sample (148)
■[14] Kumtepe and Troy - Presence and proportions of crop species in
each period (149-150)
■[15] Early Bronze Age Troy - Scatter plot of species (151)
■[16] Early Bronze Age Troy - Species abundance for species classes in
each sample (152)
■[17] Early Bronze Age Troy - Percentage participation of members of
the crops in each sample (153)
■[18] Early Bronze Age Troy - Percentage participation of members of
the waterplants in each sample (154)
■[19a] Number of seed remains per 100 litre sediment [Cereals] (155)
■[19b] Number of seed remains per 100 litre sediment [Legumes, oil
plants and fruits] (156)
■[19c] Number of seed remains per 100 litre sediment [Some weeds] (157)
■[19d] Number of seed remains per 100 litre sediment [Water-dependent
wild plants] (158)
■[19e] Number of seed remains per 100 litre sediment [Open vegetation] (159)
■[20] Early Bronze Age Troy - Percentage participation of members of
the weeds in each sample (160)
■[21] Early Bronze Age Troy - Presence plot: Species presence of
members of eco-groups in each sample (161)
■[22] Middle Bronze Age Troy - Scatter plot of species (162)
■[23] Middle Bronze Age Troy - Scatter plot of sample classes (163)
■[24] Middle Bronze Age Troy - Species abundance for species classes
in each sample (164)
■[25] Middle Bronze Age Troy - Species abundance for species classes
in each sample (165)
■[26] Middle Bronze Age Troy - Percentage participation of members of
the crops, weeds, and waterplants in each sample (166)
■[27] Middle Bronze Age Troy - presence plot: Species presence if
members of eco-groups in each sample (167)
■[28] Late Bronze Age Troy - Scatter plot of species and sample classes (168)
■[29] Late Bronze Age Troy - Scatter plot of species and sample classes (169)
■[30] Late Bronze Age Troy [VI] - Species abundance for species
classes in each sample (170)
■[31] Late Bronze Age Troy [VIIa] - Species abundance for species
classes in each sample (171)
■[32] Late Bronze Age Troy [VIIb] - Species abundance for species
classes in each sample (172)
■[33] Late Bronze Age Troy [VI] - Percentage participation of members
of the eco-groups in each sample (173)
■[34] Late Bronze Age Troy [VIIa] - Percentage participation of
members of the eco-groups in each sample (174)
■[35] Late Bronze Age Troy [VIIb] - Percentage participation of
members of the eco-groups in each sample (175)
■[36] Late Bronze Age Troy [VI] - Presence plot: Species presence of
members of eco-groups in each sample (176)
■[37] Late Bronze Age Troy [VIIa] - Presence plot: Species presence of
members of eco-groups in each sample (177)
■[38] Late Bronze Age Troy [VIIb] - Presence plot: Species presence of
members of the eco-groups in each sample (178)
■[39] Percentage occurrences of the eco-groups (179)
■[40] Ubiquity of the Hordeum taxa during the different periods (179)
■[41] Ubiquity of the crop legumes (180)
■[42] Length and width of bitter vetch at Kumtepe and Troy (180)
■[43] Length and width of Lathyrus spp. at Kumtepe and Troy (181)
■[44] Crop-processing stages at Kumtepe and Troy (181)
■[45] Percentage occurrence of the crops (182)
■[46] Ratio of Chenopodietea to Secalietea species fort the different
periods (183)
■[47] Scatter distribution of Lolium spp. (183)
■[48] Scatterplot of length and width of Vitis spp. (183)
3.Maps [5] (184-188)
■[ 1] Palaeogeographical reconstruction of the Karamenderes plain (184)
■[ 2] Map of Troy and sample location (185)
■[ 3] Environmental reconstruction for Kumtepe A (186)
■[ 4] Environmental reconstruction for Kumtepe B, EBA and MBA Troy (187)
■[ 5] Environmental reconstruction for LBA Troy (188)
4.Tables [3] (189-190)
■[ 1] Chronological table fort he developments in the Troad (189)
■[ 2] Medicinal use of some frequent wild species (190)
■[ 3] Some indices of emmer grain (190)
L. Plates [13] (191-203)

M. Appendices / Appendix (205-268)



--
PD Dr. Simone Riehl
Institute for Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology &
Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology
Ruemelinstrasse 23
D-72070 Tuebingen
Germany
Tel. / Fax +49 (0)7071 2978915 / 295717
http://www.urgeschichte.uni-tuebingen.de/index.php?id=132
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