Yes, fish oil can improve your mind: cognition, mood and behavior. All this
in addition to protection of heart, blood vessels and other organs.
Of course, if you eat a terrible diet and never do any physical activity at
all and never try to learn anything and have no social support system, then
just take some omega 3, it may not do much for you. But even in controlled
trials, just adding omega 3 without other changes has proven to be beneficial
for many medical and psychiatric illnesses, and even in aging and healthy
populations. There is a massive literature on fish oil for many medical
conditions and for symptoms of psychiatric illnesses. There is no need to create
transgenic pigs. In the US, there is a pharmaceutical omega 3 called Omacor (at
a high cost) which is approved by the FDA for very high triglycerides (over
500), one of the "bad fats". Our diets are so bad: the population of US is
1/3 obese, 1/3 overweight and 1/3 normal weight. Many surveys have shown that
people are deficient in many nutrients.
There are many articles now appearing in the press and in the medical
literature about how "supplements" are no good, especially for people who are not
ill and that we are wasting money and possibly harming ourselves by buying
"supplements".
Researchers think that they can test nutrients (supplements) like drugs, one
at a time. If the supplement all by itself does not "work", then it is no
good. Nutrients do not work that way, they work together and that is why we
need to eat food that is varied and supplies all our nutrition needs. Omega 3
works on the cell membranes as well as inside the cells and this seems to be
why it helps so many body systems.
Some of the research about omega 3 is flawed: they are using only EPA or
only DHA, not both together, so not really full omega 3 as used in some of the
better research. Then the conclusion is "omega 3 does not work". But the
study was not testing omega 3 to begin with, only EPA or DHA alone. They need
to be together. The whole idea of "active ingredient" from drug studies may
not be relevant to studies of nutrients, and certainly not to EPA or DHA
alone.
Is it better to eat fatty fish, wild from the ocean, twice a week or more?
Yes. It is OK to take omega 3, if it is from a reputable source? Yes. Go
to foodforthebrain.org, a UK organization that is helping to clarify
information about diet and lifestyle and health.
I am enclosing some abstracts saved on my computer about omega 3 and the
brain. There are hundreds more in the medical literature, about many medical
and psychiatric illnesses. Note that the conclusions are sometimes rather
tentative, saying more trials are needed, etc. But we have to keep in mind that
in psychiatry, drugs are prescribed so frequently "off-label" and in
combinations of drugs never studied. Drugs are used commonly even when there have
not even been any trials to show any efficacy, especially in certain
populations, like elders, children, pregnant women, people with bipolar disorder, etc.
Omega 3's adverse effect: since it thins the blood, people already taking
blood thinners should talk to their doctor beforehand.
Eileen
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Evidence Basis for Treatment and Future Research in
Psychiatry
Marlene P. Freeman, M.D.; Joseph R. Hibbeln, M.D.; Katherine L. Wisner,
M.D., M.S.; John M. Davis, M.D.; David Mischoulon, M.D., Ph.D.; Malcolm Peet,
M.B., F.R.C.Psych.; Paul E. Keck, Jr., M.D.; Lauren B. Marangell, M.D.;
Alexandra J. Richardson, Ph.D.; James Lake, M.D.; and Andrew L. Stoll, M.D.
____________________________________
Objective: To determine if the available data support the use of omega-3
essential fatty acids (EFA) for clinical use in the prevention and/or treatment
of psychiatric disorders.
Participants: The authors of this article were invited participants in the
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Subcommittee, assembled by the Committee on Research on
Psychiatric Treatments of the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
Evidence: Published literature and data presented at scientific meetings
were reviewed. Specific disorders reviewed included major depressive disorder,
bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, borderline personality disorder and
impulsivity, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Meta-analyses
were conducted in major depressive and bipolar disorders and schizophrenia, as
sufficient data were availableto conduct such analyses in these areas of
interest.
Consensus Process: The subcommittee prepared the manuscript, which was
reviewed and approved by the following APA committees: the Committee on Research
on Psychiatric Treatments, the Council on Research, and the Joint Reference
Committee.
Conclusions: The preponderance of epidemiologic and tissue compositional
studies supports a protective effect of omega-3 EFA intake, particularly
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in mood disorders.
Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials demonstrate a statistically
significant benefit in unipolar and bipolar depression (p = .02). The results were
highly heterogeneous, indicating that it is important to examine the
characteristics of each individual study to note the differences in design and
execution. There is less evidence of benefit in schizophrenia. EPA and DHA appear to
have negligible risks and some potential benefit in major depressive disorder
and bipolar disorder, but results remain inconclusive in most areas of
interest in psychiatry. Treatment recommendations and directions for future
research are described. Health benefits of omega-3 EFA may be especially important
in patients with psychiatric disorders, due to high prevalence rates of
smoking and obesity and the metabolic side effects of some psychotropic
medications.
(J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1954-1967)
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1: _Asia Pac J Clin Nutr._ (javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Asia Pac J Clin
Nutr.');) 2007;16 Suppl:391-7. _Links_
(javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu17392137);)
Omega 3 fatty acids and the brain: review of studies in depression.
* _Sinclair AJ_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Sinclair+AJ"[Author]) ,
* _Begg D_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Begg+D"[Author]) ,
* _Mathai M_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Mathai+M"[Author]) ,
* _Weisinger RS_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Weisinger+RS"[Author]) .
School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood
Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia. [log in to unmask]
The brain is a lipid-rich organ containing mostly complex polar
phospholipids, sphingolipids, gangliosides and cholesterol. These lipids are involved in
the structure and function of cell membranes in the brain. The
glycerophospholipids in the brain contain a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA) derived from the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid and
alpha-linolenic acid. The main PUFA in the brain are docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, all cis
4,7,10,13,16,19-22:6) derived from the omega 3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic
acid, and arachidonic acid (AA, all cis 5,8,11,14-20:4) and docosatetraenoic
acid (all cis 7,10,13,16-22:4), both derived from the omega 6 fatty acid,
linoleic acid. Experimental studies in animals have shown that diets lacking omega
3 PUFA lead to substantial disturbances in neural function, which in most
circumstances can be restored by the inclusion of omega 3 PUFA in the diet. In
the past 10 years there has been an emerging interest in treating
neuropsychological disorders (depression and schizophrenia) with omega 3 PUFA. This paper
discusses the clinical studies conducted in the area of depression and omega
3 PUFA and the possible mechanisms of action of these PUFA. It is clear from
the literature that DHA is involved in a variety of processes in neural
cells and that its role is far more complex than simply influencing cell membrane
properties.
PMID: 17392137 [PubMed - in process]
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1: J Nutr Health Aging._ (javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'J Nutr Health
Aging.');) 2005;9(1):31-8. _Links_ (javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu15750663);)
Dietary omega-3 Fatty acids and psychiatry: mood, behaviour, stress,
depression, dementia and aging.
* _Bourre JM_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Bourre+JM"[Author]) .
French Academy of Medicine, INSERM department of Neuro-pharmaco-nutrition,
Hopital Fernand Widal, 75475 Paris cedex 10.
[log in to unmask]
In view of the high omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acid content of the
brain, it is evident that these fats are involved in brain biochemistry,
physiology and functioning; and thus in some neuropsychiatric diseases and in the
cognitive decline of ageing. Though omega-3 fatty acids (from fatty fish in the
human diet) appear effective in the prevention of stress, their role as
regulator of mood and of libido is a matter for discussion pending experimental
proof in animal and human models. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids play a role in the
prevention of some disorders including depression, as well as in dementia,
particularly Alzheimer's disease. Their direct role in major depression,
bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disease) and schizophrenia is not yet
established. Their deficiency can prevent the renewal of membranes, and thus
accelerate cerebral ageing; none the less, the respective roles of the vascular
component on one hand (where the omega-3's are active) and the cerebral parenchyma
itself on the other, have not yet been clearly resolved. The role of omega-3
in certain diseases such as dyslexia and autism is suggested. In fact,
omega-3 fatty acids participated in the first coherent experimental demonstration
of the effect of dietary substances (nutrients) on the structure and function
of the brain. Experiments were first of all carried out one x-vivo cultured
brain cells (1), then on in vivo brain cells(2), finally on physiochemical,
biochemical, physiological, neurosensory, and behavioural parameters (3). These
findings indicated that the nature of poly unsaturated fatty acids(in
particular omega-3) present in formula milks for infants (both premature and term)
determines the visual, cerebral,and intellectual abilities, as described in a
recent review (4). Indeed,the insufficient dietary supply of omega-3 fatty
acids in today's French and occidental diet raises the problem of how to
correct dietary habits so that the consumer will select foods that are genuinely
rich in omega-3/ the omega-3 family ; mainly rapeseed, (canola) and walnut
oils on one hand and fatty fish on the other.
PMID: 15750663 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS INFLUENCE MOOD, IMPULSIVITY AND PERSONALITY, STUDY
INDICATES
DENVER, March 3, 2006 — Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may influence
mood, personality and behavior, according to results of a study presented today
by University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine researchers at the 64th
Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Psychosomatic Society in Denver.
In a study of 106 healthy volunteers, researchers found that participants
who had lower blood levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were more
likely to report mild or moderate symptoms of depression, a more negative
outlook and be more impulsive. Conversely, those with higher blood levels of
omega-3s were found to be more agreeable.
“A number of previous studies have linked low levels of omega-3 to
clinically significant conditions such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder,
schizophrenia, substance abuse and attention deficit disorder,” said Sarah
Conklin, Ph.D., a postdoctoral scholar with the Cardiovascular Behavioral
Medicine Program in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine. “However, few studies have shown that these relationships
also occur in healthy adults. This study opens the door for future research
looking at what effect increasing omega-3 intake, whether by eating omega-3
rich foods like salmon, or taking fish-oil supplements, has on people’s mood.”
The American Heart Association recommends that all Americans consume fish,
which is high in omega-3 fatty acids, twice per week. This recommendation is
based upon evidence that a diet high in fish s associated with improved heart
health and reduced risk for heart-related problems. While the cardiovascular
benefit of increasing omega-3 intake is well recognized, relatively little is
known of the potential mental health effects among the general public.
Comparisons were made by analyzing levels of omega-3 fatty acids in
participants’ blood and comparing that data to the participants’ scores on three
accepted tests for depression, impulsiveness and personality. The amount of
omega-3 circulating in blood reflects dietary intake of the fatty acid. The study
did not require participants to make changes in their normal diet habits.
In addition to Dr. Conklin, co-authors of the study, which was funded by the
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of
Health (NIH), include: Jennifer I. Harris, M.D., psychiatry resident, department
of psychiatry, Brown University; Stephen B. Manuck, Ph.D., University
Professor of Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, department of psychology,
University of Pittsburgh; Joseph R. Hibbeln, M.D., chief of outpatient clinic,
Lab of Membrane Biophysics and Biochemistry, National Institute on Alcohol
Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH; and Matthew F. Muldoon, M.D., associate professor,
department of medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
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1: _Am J Clin Nutr._ (javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Am J Clin Nutr.');)
2006 Jun;83(6 Suppl):1483S-1493S. _Links_
(javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu16841858);)
Healthy intakes of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids: estimations considering
worldwide diversity.
* _Hibbeln JR_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Hibbeln+JR"[Author]) ,
* _Nieminen LR_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Nieminen+LR"[Author]) ,
* _Blasbalg TL_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Blasbalg+TL"[Author]) ,
* _Riggs JA_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Riggs+JA"[Author]) ,
* _Lands WE_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Lands+WE"[Author]) .
Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics and the National
Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
MD 20892-2088, USA. [log in to unmask]
BACKGROUND: The worldwide diversity of dietary intakes of n-6 and n-3 fatty
acids influences tissue compositions of n-3 long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs:
eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids) and risks of
cardiovascular and mental illnesses. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to estimate healthy
dietary allowances for n-3 LCFAs that would meet the nutrient requirements of
97-98% of the population. DESIGN: Deficiency in n-3 LCFAs was defined as
attributable risk from 13 morbidity and mortality outcomes, including all causes,
coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, homicide, bipolar
disorder, and major and postpartum depressions. Dietary availability of n-3 LCFAs
from commodities for 38 countries and tissue composition data were
correlated by best fit to each illness in deficiency risk models. RESULTS: The
potential attributable burden of disease ranged from 20.8% (all-cause mortality in
men) to 99.9% (bipolar disorder). n-3 LCFA intake for Japan (0.37% of energy,
or 750 mg/d) met criteria for uniformly protecting >98% of the populations
worldwide. n-3 LCFA intakes needed to meet a tissue target representative of
Japan (60% n-3 in LCFA) ranged from 278 mg/d (Philippines, with intakes of 0.8%
of energy as linoleate, 0.08% of energy as alpha-linolenate, and 0.06% of
energy as arachidonic acid) to 3667 mg/d (United States, with 8.91% of energy as
linoleate, 1.06% of energy as alpha-linolenate, and 0.08% of energy as
arachidonic acid). CONCLUSIONS: With caveats inherent for ecologic, nutrient
disappearance analyses, a healthy dietary allowance for n-3 LCFAs for current US
diets was estimated at 3.5 g/d for a 2000-kcal diet. This allowance for n-3
LCFAs can likely be reduced to one-tenth of that amount by consuming fewer n-6
fats.
PMID: 16841858 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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1: _Drugs._ (javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Drugs.');) 2005;65(8):1051-9.
_Links_ (javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu15907142);)
Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
* _Peet M_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Peet+M"[Author]) ,
* _Stokes C_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Stokes+C"[Author]) .
Swallownest Court Hospital, Doncaster and South Humber Healthcare NHS Trust,
Sheffield, UK. [log in to unmask]
The importance of omega-3 fatty acids for physical health is now well
recognised and there is increasing evidence that omega-3 fatty acids may also be
important to mental health. The two main omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil,
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have important
biological functions in the CNS. DHA is a major structural component of neuronal
membranes, and changing the fatty acid composition of neuronal membranes leads to
functional changes in the activity of receptors and other proteins embedded
in the membrane phospholipid. EPA has important physiological functions that
can affect neuronal activity. Epidemiological studies indicate an association
between depression and low dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and
biochemical studies have shown reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in red blood
cell membranes in both depressive and schizophrenic patients.Five of six
double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in schizophrenia, and four of six such
trials in depression, have reported therapeutic benefit from omega-3 fatty acids
in either the primary or secondary statistical analysis, particularly when
EPA is added on to existing psychotropic medication. Individual clinical trials
have suggested benefits of EPA treatment in borderline personality disorder
and of combined omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid treatment for
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The evidence to date supports the adjunctive use of
omega-3 fatty acids in the management of treatment unresponsive depression
and schizophrenia. As these conditions are associated with increased risk of
coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus, omega-3 fatty acids should also
benefit the physical state of these patients. However, as the clinical
research evidence is preliminary, large, and definitive randomised controlled
trials similar to those required for the licensing of any new pharmacological
treatment are needed.
PMID: 15907142 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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1: _Biol Psychiatry._ (javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Biol Psychiatry.');)
2006 Aug 18; [Epub ahead of print]
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Children with Autism: A Double-blind
Randomized, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study.
* _Amminger GP_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Amminger+GP"[Author]) ,
* _Berger GE_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Berger+GE"[Author]) ,
* _Schafer MR_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Schafer+MR"[Author]) ,
* _Klier C_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Klier+C"[Author]) ,
* _Friedrich MH_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Friedrich+MH"[Author]) ,
* _Feucht M_
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Feucht+M"[Author]) .
Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of
Vienna; Vienna, Austria; and ORYGEN Research Centre, University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, Australia.
BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that fatty acid deficiencies or
imbalances may contribute to childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS: We
conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6-week pilot trial
investigating the effects of 1.5 g/d of omega-3 fatty acids (.84 g/d
eicosapentaenoic acid, .7 g/d docosahexaenoic acid) supplementation in 13 children
(aged 5 to 17 years) with autistic disorders accompanied by severe tantrums,
aggression, or self-injurious behavior. The outcome measure was the Aberrant
Behavior Checklist (ABC) at 6 weeks. RESULTS: We observed an advantage of
omega-3 fatty acids compared with placebo for hyperactivity and stereotypy, each
with a large effect size. Repeated-measures ANOVA indicated a trend toward
superiority of omega-3 fatty acids over placebo for hyperactivity. No clinically
relevant adverse effects were elicited in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The
results of this study provide preliminary evidence that omega-3 fatty acids may
be an effective treatment for children with autism.
PMID: 16920077 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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____________________________________
ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION
Plasma fatty acid composition and depression are associated in the elderly:
the Rotterdam Study1,2,3
<NOBR>Henning Ti, , <NOBR>H Ruud v, , <NOBR>Alber, , <NOBR>Amanda and and
<NOBR>Monique MB
1 From the Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (HT, AH, and MMBB)
and Psychiatry (HRvT), Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands, and
Numico Research, Wageningen, Netherlands (AJK).
Background: It has been hypothesized that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFAs) are involved in mood regulation, but epidemiologic evidence for such a
link in the general population is lacking.
Objective: This study examined whether community-dwelling elderly persons
with depression have a fatty acid composition that is different from that of
nondepressed persons.
Design: We screened 3884 adults aged ≥ 60 y for depressive symptoms as part
of the Rotterdam Study. Subjects who screened positive had a psychiatric
interview to diagnose depressive disorders. All eligible subjects had their blood
drawn for measurement of plasma phospholipid concentrations. We compared
percentages of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and their ratios between 264 subjects with
depressive symptoms, including 106 subjects with depressive disorders, and 461
randomly selected reference subjects. We also investigated whether
atherosclerosis or the inflammatory response as measured by C-reactive protein underlies
the relation between fatty acid composition and depression.
Results: Subjects with depressive disorders had a higher ratio of n-6 to n-3
PUFAs, but differences in individual PUFAs were mostly small. However,
depressed subjects with normal CRP concentrations (< 1.5 mg/L) had a substantially
altered fatty acid composition; percentages of n-3 PUFAs and ratios of n-6
to n-3 PUFAs were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in subjects
with depressive disorders than in control subjects [5.2% compared with 5.9% (P
= 0.02) and 7.2 compared with 6.6 (P = 0.01), respectively]. This relation
was not due to atherosclerosis.
Conclusions: In community-dwelling persons, fatty acid composition is
related to depression. Because this relation was not secondary to inflammation,
atherosclerosis, or possible confounders, it suggests a direct effect of fatty
acid composition on mood.
Key Words: Lipid composition • depression • polyunsaturated fatty acids •
phospholipids • inflammatory response • population-based study • elderly •
Rotterdam Study
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