Wrth fwydo 'externality' a 'panel' i mewn i'r injan chwilio (gyda llaw, beth
am fynd i 'Everyclick' - mae pob ymchwiliad yn medru golygu arian i'ch hoff
elusen, ac mae Cymdeithas Rheilffordd Ffestiniog yn eu plith?), 'roedd y
ddwy safle cyntaf yn eiddo i'r QAA (Quality Assurance Agency for Higher
Education - www.qaa.ac.uk) ac o chwilio ei wefan mae'n amlwg fod y gair yn
un a ddefnyddir yn aml iawn iawn i olygu rhywbeth fel eich awgrym, sef
aelodaeth allanaol, barn allanol, "allanoldeb"? Siawns y bydd modd deall y
gair trwy edrych ar rai o'r enghreifftiau. Dyma un ohonynt. ('Dw i'n
dechrau amau mai dyma yw eich cwsmer, a bod "externality" yn un o'i hoff
eiriau, neu hyd yn oed yn air y mae wedi rhoi ei ystyr ei hun iddo.)
The role of external input
32 A number of reports offered insight into institutional views on the role
and value of external contributions. The key benefit identified was the
confidence given by such input to institutional judgements on academic
standards and vocational currency. Linked with this was appreciation of the
more general value of an external perspective: one institution was said to
regard external participation in programme approval as 'an essential
complement to internal knowledge and expertise'. In the case of an
accredited institution, contact with external members of approval panels was
seen to be an important element in its development of externality and an
external network.
Internal externality[!!!]
33 The concept of 'internal externality' is used in several reports to refer
to internal arrangements for individuals from across the institution to
participate in approval processes.
.
AR Y LLAW ARALL
O rhoi externality + glossary, cefais ddifiniadau eraill, sy'n awgrymu ystyr
hollol wahanol yn y byd economaidd, amgylcheddol ayb.
"a consequence o production ignored in pricing" (Encarta)
Externality An outcome of an activity by an individual, group or institution
that affects the welfare of other people. Externalities may be good (see
positive externality) or bad (see negative externality).
Externality - the indirect effect of an activity, such as pollution
Pollution, higher traffic noise, or a poisoned river are all examples of
externalities---costs (or benefits) which are imposed by an action but which
are not built in to the price of that action.
The standard economic definition of an externality is a cost or benefit that
accrues to the producer of a good but for which she does not pay. The
classical example is a factory owner who gets free use of the air and water
as waste dumps and does not bear any of the costs of pollution.E
Ann
----- Original Message -----
From: "Muiris Mag Ualghairg" <[log in to unmask]>
To: <[log in to unmask]>
Sent: Tuesday, November 28, 2006 11:06 PM
Subject: Externality
> Initially, PPR panels did not include any **externality** which led to
> comment in the report of the institutional review in 2004 that XXX was
> losing an 'opportunity to benchmark XXX's partnership arrangements
> against others in the sector'.
>
> Dw i'n meddwl bod yr 'externality' yma yn golygu 'aelodau allanol,
> aelodau o'r tu allan'. Beth yw barn y cylch - a ydwyf yn iawn neu a
> oes ystyr arall nad wyf yn ei ddeall?
>
> Muiris
>
>
> --
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> 27/11/2006 18:09
>
>
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