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World Transport Policy & Practice
Volume 12, Number 1, 2006
2 Editorial
3 Abstracts & Keywords
5 Levying charges on private parking: lessons from existing practice
Dr Marcus Enoch and Dr Stephen Ison
15 Suburban bypass roads and interjurisdictional politics: a case study
Allan Lichtenstein, Jeremy Nemeth & Stephan Schmidt
30 Public transport subsidies in the UK: evidence of distributional
effects
Nils Fearnley
40 Innovative ways of financing public transport
Dave Wetzel
47 Delivery services for urban shopping: experiences & perspectives
Susanne Böhler and Oscar Reutter
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Levying charges on private parking: lessons from existing practice
Dr Marcus Enoch and Dr Stephen Ison
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Managing parking is a well-established mechanism for controlling car use.
But in many countries, a significant proportion of parking space is owned or
leased by the private sector and so is beyond the direct control of the
local transport authority.
One solution currently being considered in the UK is the idea of imposing a
levy on businesses for utilising private parking spaces. However, while the
legislation enabling local authorities to introduce such a charge was passed
in 2000, only one local authority (Nottingham) retains an interest in the
measure and it is still uncertain as to whether it will eventually be
implemented.
This paper briefly reviews the private parking problem and the range of
policy instruments currently utilised throughout the world where private
parking spaces are controlled by Local Authorities. It then draws on a
number of vignettes where private parking levies have been introduced
elsewhere in the world examining how the use of such policy options might be
utilised more extensively and effectively. Finally the paper offers lessons
that can be of use when seeking to implement a private parking levy scheme.
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Suburban bypass roads and interjurisdictional politics: a case study
Allan Lichtenstein, Jeremy Nemeth, Stephan Schmidt
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This before and after case study examines the impacts of a suburban bypass
road in New Jersey where the impacts are embedded in a broader regional
context.
Unlike many other studies that have focused on rural bypasses, this study
found that in a fragmented jurisdictional context, such as New Jersey, where
a bypass is designed to relieve traffic in one municipal centre but passes
through the jurisdiction of another municipality, competing municipal
interests can yield unforeseen traffic flows, land use developments, and
economic activities. Planners of bypass roads need to be cognisant of the
possibility of unforeseen and induced outcomes that can jeopardise the
intended goals of a bypass project.
Most studies of bypass roads in the United States have focused on rural
bypasses. Few have examined bypass roads that pass through suburban
communities. Unlike many rural bypasses, suburban bypass roads often pass
through more than one jurisdiction. Because of the incorporated geography of
the suburban environment, the use of suburban bypass roads is likely to be
set by the interjuristdictional relations among the affected communities.
Their impacts affect not only the bypassed community, but also the
communities through which they pass. An examination of the impacts of
suburban bypass roads, thus, needs to take into account interjuristdictional
politics.
This before and after case study examines the impacts of a suburban New
Jersey bypass road that are embedded in a broader regional context. At the
outset, we summarise the literature on bypass studies, emphasising that few
studies have examined the effect of interjuristdictional politics on the
impacts of bypass roads. The methodology and background of the study are
then described briefly. In the fourth section, the outcomes are discussed in
relation to four analytical categories-traffic flows, land use development,
economic revitalisation, and social and community development. In the next
section, we discuss the role of interjuristdictional politics in mediating
the impacts of the bypass road. Finally, in the concluding section, we note
that the outcomes of a suburban bypass road can jeopardise the intended
goals of a bypass project.
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Public transport subsidies in the UK: evidence of distributional effects
Nils Fearnley
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A travel propensity analysis is applied on UK data to determine how much
different population groups benefit from public transport subsidies. General
bus subsidies are found to predominantly benefit lower-income households,
women, and those aged below 24 or above 60. Railway subsidies, on the other
hand, benefit the rich, the working age commuter and business travellers and
the young adults making shopping, social and other trips. The distributional
effects of bus subsidies have become more progressive over time. The
opposite is evident for rail.
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Innovative ways of financing public transport
Dave Wetzel
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New public transport routes and infrastructure bring a wide range of
economic benefits that increase land values and increase the wealth of
property owners near to lines and interchange points. These windfall gains
are large enough to pay for the infrastructure but are not captured or taxed
by government. A location benefit levy or land value tax is suggested to
overcome this problem. This would reduce urban sprawl and provide funds for
public transport improvement.
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Delivery services for urban shopping: experiences and perspectives
Susanne Böhler and Oscar Reutter
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This article explores delivery services for urban shopping in Germany.
It presents the results of a pilot project in Bonn and outlines a number of
recommendations for the future development of delivery services intended to
de-couple the growth of car use and mobility from shopping.
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