Dyma gyfle i atgoffa aelodau'r cylch:
1. rhowch y term dan ystyriaeth ym mhennawd y neges neu fydd dim modd
chwilio'n ystyrlon amdano yn yr archif yn nes ymlaen
2. rhowch ddiffiniad o'r term (os oes modd) a chrynodeb o'ch problem yn
y neges
3. PEIDIWCH a gyrru negeseuon diolch neu sylwadau tynnu coes/smala -
maen nhw'n tagu blychau ebost pobl ac yn ddi-fudd yn yr archif
4. ond mi ellwch yrru e-bost yn dweud pa ddewis o derm a ddefnyddiwyd
gennych yn y pen-draw, gan ei bod hi'n werthfawr i eraill wybod hyn.
Delyth
Ysgrifennodd Saunders, Tim:
> 'traffic congestion'. Yn ôl a ddeallaf, dim un o nifer o ganlyniadau posibl
> i 'congestion' yw tagfeydd. Cymorth! Cymorth!
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Geraint Løvgreen [mailto:[log in to unmask]]
> Sent: 27 January 2004 11:31
> To: [log in to unmask]
> Subject:
>
>
> Be di'r term Saesneg rwyt ti'n trio'i gyfieithu?
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Saunders, Tim" <[log in to unmask]>
> To: <[log in to unmask]>
> Sent: Tuesday, January 27, 2004 11:01 AM
>
>
>
>>Cyd-destun: traffig. Ymddengys yn glir o'r diffiniadau isod fod 'tagfeydd
>>traffig' ddim yn gwneud y tro o gwbl. Tybed oes rhyw economegydd,
>>peiriannydd sifil, neu ddaearyddwr caredig yn medru awgrymu rhywbeth
>
> cywir,
>
>>clir a bachog?
>>
>>Tim
>>
>>
>>
>>A situation when too many people or vehicles are trying to use the same
>>facilities for them to work with maximum efficiency. This may result in a
>>fall in the quality or quantity of services provided. Congestion is a
>
> source
>
>>of external diseconomies: while drivers on crowded roads, for example, are
>>themselves inconvenienced, a cost they bear themselves, they also cause
>>delay, higher fuel costs, and a greater chance of accidents to other road
>>users.
>>A Dictionary of Economics. John Black. Oxford University Press, 2002.
>>
>>A general term in economics for the degradation or additional cost imposed
>>by the overuse of a service or facility-classically, the highways.
>>Congestion occurs under conditions where pricing is lower than the costs
>>imposed, often when property rights are not well defined. The economic
>>analysis of congestion seeks to design policy measures that minimize such
>>costs (e.g., the design of highway tolls) and plays an important role in
>>public-policy arenas.
>>Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Craig Calhoun, ed. Oxford University
>>Press 2002.
>>
>>The restriction of the use of a facility by over-use. The term is
>
> generally
>
>>used to indicate the slowing of urban traffic because too many vehicles
>
> are
>
>>competing for too little space, but it can be applied to any excessive
>>demand for any facility, when use exceeds carrying capacity. Congestion on
>
> a
>
>>routeway depends on the carrying capacity of the route, the volume of
>>traffic, and the varying proportions of the total freight and passenger
>>traffic carried by competing means of transport (the modal split). The
>>effects of congestion involve long, frustrating, and often costly, delays,
>>road accidents, air pollution, and noise, all of which create an
>
> externality
>
>>to the urban economy. They are, however, difficult to quantify in terms of
>>cost and the individual may have little control over them.
>> A Dictionary of Geography. Susan Mayhew. Oxford University Press, 1997.
>>Oxford Reference Online.
>
--
Delyth Prys
e-Gymraeg / e-Welsh
Canolfan Bedwyr
Prifysgol Cymru,Bangor /
University of Wales,Bangor
Bangor
Gwynedd
LL57 2DG
[log in to unmask]
+44 (0)1248 38 2800
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