Here are a few references from my ascidian bibliographic file on
antifouling properties of various ascidians.
Best wishes, Gretchen

Davis, A. R. and Wright, A. E. 1990. Inhibition of larval settlement by
natural products from the ascidian Eudistoma olivaceum (Van Name). J. Chem.
Ecol. 16: 1349-1358.

Davis, A. R. 1991. Alkaloids and ascidian chemical defense: evidence for
the ecological role of natural products from Eudistoma olivaceum. Mar.
Biol. 111: 375-379.

Delort, E., Watanabe, N., Etoh, H., Sakata, K. and Ceccaldi, H. J. 2000.
Analysis of initial fouling process in coastal environment: Effects of
settlement, attachment, and metamorphosis promoters. Mar. Biotechnol. 2:
224-230.

Henrikson, A. A. and Pawlik, J. R. 1995. A new antifouling assay method:
results from field experiments using extracts of four marine organisms. J.
Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 194: 157-165.

Hirose, E. 1999. Pigmentation and acid storage in the tunic: protective
functions of the tunic cells in the tropical ascidian Phallusia nigra.
Invert. Biol. 118: 414-422.

Hirose, E., Yamashiro, H. and Mori, Y. 2001. Properties of tunic acid in
the ascidian Phallusia nigra (Ascidiidae, Phlebobranchia). Zool. Sci. 18:
309-314.

Stoecker, D. 1980. Distribution of acid and vanadium in Rhopalaea
birkelandi Tokioka. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 48: 277-281.

Teo, S. L. M. and Ryland, J. S. 1995. Potential antifouling mechanisms
using toxic chemicals in some British ascidians. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
188: 49-62.

Tsukamoto, S., Kato, H., Hirota, H. and Fusetani, N. 1997. Seven new
polyacetylene derivatives, showing both potent metamorphosis-inducing
activity in ascidian larvae and antifouling activity against barnacle
larvae, from the marine sponge Callyspongia truncata. J. Nat. Prod. 60:
126-130.

Tsukamoto, S., Kato, H., Hirota, H. and Fusetani, N. 1998. Antifouling and
metamorphosis-promoting compounds from the marine sponges Pseudoceratina
purpurea and Agelas mauritiana [induce metamorphosis in 2 ascidian spp.].
In: Watanabe, Y. and Fusetani, N. (ed.), Sponge Sciences -
Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Proc. of the 1996 Intl. Conf. on Sponge
Science. Tokyo, Springer-Verlag, pp. 399-412.

Wahl, M. 1989. Marine eipbiosis I. Fouling and antifouling: some basic
aspects. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 58: 175-189.

Wahl, M. and Lafargue, F. 1990. Marine epibiosis II. Reduced fouling on
Polysyncraton lacazei (Didemnidae, Tunicata) and proposal of an antifouling
potential index. Oecologia 82: 275-282.

Wahl, M. and Benaigs, B. 1991. Marine epibiosis III. Possible anti- fouling
defense and adaptations in Polysyncraton lacazei (Giard) (Didemnidae,
Ascidiacea). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 145: 49-63.

Wahl, M., Jensen, P. R. and Fenical, W. 1994. Chemical control of bacterial
epibiosis on ascidians. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 110: 45-57.



At 01:53 PM 04/10/2003 +0100, you wrote:
>Dear Tunicata people,
>I need some references about ascidians producing antifouling substances.
>Could someone help me, please?
>Thank you
>Fiorenza

Gretchen Lambert
12001 11th Ave. NW
Seattle, WA 98177
tel. 206-365-3734
[log in to unmask]
http://nsm.fullerton.edu/~lamberts/ascidian/
"Ascidians are back in the limelight, with a good chance of staying there."
-- O. Pourquié, Nature 8 Feb. 2001.