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From: Kathryn King [mailto:[log in to unmask]]
Sent: 20 January 2003 16:04
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Subject: TOC - Journal of Sustainable Tourism Vol 10 No 4, 2002


Authenticity, Equity and Sustainability in Tourism
Erik Cohen
Dept of Sociology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem
91905, Israel
Sustainability became a leading concept in tourism development practice
and research, but should be submitted to a critical examination in the
context of wider theoretical and practical concerns. Three issues are
considered in this paper: the possible misuse of the concept of
sustainability in advertisement and as a means of legitimising takeover
of control over natural sites or cultural practices of local people
by state agencies or private enterprises; the interface between the
discourses of authenticity and sustainability; and the problems of
equity provoked by restrictions of access to valuable sites, in the name
of sustainability.

Ecotourism Visitor Experiences in Aotearoa/New Zealand:
Challenging the Environmental Values of Visitors in Pursuit of Pro-
environmental Behaviour
James Higham and Anna Carr
Department of Tourism, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

This paper reports on a research project that examined ecotourism
visitor experiences in Aotearoa/New Zealand and whether or not those
experiences challenged visitors to consider environmental issues. Twelve
study sites in three nationwide geographical clusters were drawn from a
comprehensive database of 479 eco/nature tourism operations based on
each operation fulfilling 14 selection criteria. The operations offer
maximum variation in the ecotourism experiences that they provide. The
qualitative research methods implemented at these sites are  described.
Observational and interview data were employed to critically assess the
visitor experiences reported at the study sites. Five important aspects
of the visitor experience emerged from data analysis. These were
considered to be effective in drawing visitor attention to environ-
mental issues of relevance. The results indicate that ecotourism visitor
experiences may be an effective medium via which environmental values
may be influenced.


Public Reactions to Policy Recommendations from the Banff-Bow
Valley Study: A Longitudinal Assessment
J.R. Brent Ritchie
World Tourism Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Simon Hudson
Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta,
Canada
Seldjan Timur
Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta,
Canada
The Banff-Bow Valley Study (BBVS), a two-year,$2.4 million project
designed to formulate guidelines for the future of a major National
Parks region in the Canadian Rockies, provided a comprehensive set of
over 500 policy recommendations for enhancing ecological integrity and
managing sustainable tourism in this popular, environmentally sensitive
destination (Page et al .,1996).For these recommendations to be
implemented effectively, support from a broad range of stakeholders in
the Canadian citizenry is essential. Surprisingly, the BBVS itself did
not explore public attitudes towards its final recommendations. In an
attempt to overcome this shortcoming, the present authors undertook to
assess the degree of public support for the major recommendations of the
BBVS. The total assessment consisted of a two-phase longitudinal study.
Phase 1 was conducted in 1996,following the release of the BBVS
recommendations. Phase 2,which sought to verify the stability of the
initial results, was conducted in 2000. While some shifts in public
support were identified, the most significant findings of Phase 1 were
verified. The total study identified those recommendations most likely
to be accepted or rejected by Canadians.

Education for Ethical Tourism Action
John Tribe
Faculty of Leisure and Tourism, Buckinghamshire Chilterns University
College, High Wycombe, UK
The aim of this article is to develop the concept of ethical tourism
action and its implications for the tourism curriculum. The approach is
as follows. First, the idea of ethical tourism action is reviewed. Next,
different types of ethical tourism actions are proposed and their
different epistemologies explored. The concept of 'knowing-in-ethical-
tourism-action 'is developed with particular reference to Schvn's
reflective practitioner, Aristotle 's idea of practical wisdom and
Habermas's theory of communicative reason. Finally the elements of an
ethical tourism practicum are propounded as a practical curriculum
response to the theoretical implications of the article.

Festival Tourism: A Contributor to Sustainable Local Economic
Development?
Diane O'Sullivan
University of Glamorgan, Business School, Pontypridd, Mid Glamorgan,
CF37 1DL, UK
Marion J Jackson
School of Economics, University of the West of England, Frenchay,
Bristol, BS16 9QY, UK
Towns, villages and cities are increasingly keen to share their culture,
environment and spending opportunities with visitors by the promotion of
festivals. The fact that income can be generated by such festivals is
clear but the true value of visitor spend is more complex to calculate
with accuracy. This paper considers the contribution of festival tourism
to sustainable local economic development. A festival typology is
created that broadly identifies three festival types termed 'home-grown
','tourist-tempter 'and 'big-bang '. Here three festivals matching the
typology are analysed against the model of sustainable local economic
development activity created by the environment charity Forum for the
Future. Results suggest that although festivals may have the potential
to provide opportunities for sustainable local economic development such
opportunities frequently remain unexploited. Nevertheless, some festival
scenarios do indicate a closer match to the model of sustainable local
economic development activity than others. This paper analyses why this
should be and suggests ways in which festival tourism 's contribution to
local economies might begin to be better understood, and consequently,
improved.

An Integrated Approach to Assessing, Managing and Monitoring Campsite
Impacts in Warren National Park, Western
Australia
Amanda J. Smith and David Newsome
School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, South Street,
Murdoch, Western Australia, 6151, Australia

The social and ecological impacts of camping were examined in Warren
National Park, Western Australia. The main objective was to apply an
integrated approach to assessing campsite degradation and feed this
information into a management and monitoring strategy for campsites in
the park. Biophysical data were used to establish a campsite profile,
providing baseline information that enabled comparison of heavy-
use formal campsites with low-use informal campsites. High-use formal
campsites were more severely impacted than the low-use, informal
campsites. Formal sites were also larger, had experienced more tree
damage and erosion, had greater soil compaction, less vegetation cover
and tree seedlings, less coarse woody debris, higher riverbank
degradation and more walk trails radiating from the campsite.
Additionally, the low-use, informal sites had also been degraded by
recreation use. Potential indicators were identified, using a social
survey that enabled identification of the standards of social and
resource conditions in the Warren National Park. Desired conditions were
then compared to existing conditions at the campsites and relevant
managerial preferences acceptable to visitors were identified in the
social survey. Most of the management preferences were considered very
or extremely important influences on the quality of the visitor
experience.

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Kathryn King
Channel View Publications
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