From: Bruce Schneier [mailto:[log in to unmask]]
Sent: 15 September 2003 09:59
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: CRYPTO-GRAM, September 15, 2003
CRYPTO-GRAM
September 15, 2003
by Bruce Schneier
Founder and CTO
Counterpane Internet Security, Inc.
[log in to unmask]
<http://www.schneier.com>
<http://www.counterpane.com>
A free monthly newsletter providing summaries, analyses, insights, and
commentaries on security: computer and otherwise.
Back issues are available at
<http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram.html>. To subscribe, visit
<http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram.html> or send a blank message to
[log in to unmask]
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
In this issue:
Accidents and Security Incidents
"Beyond Fear" Reactions
Crypto-Gram Reprints
Licensing Computer Users
News
Counterpane News
Security Notes from All Over: Hats in Banks
Benevolent Worms
California's Security-Breach Disclosure Law
Correction
Comments from Readers
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
Accidents and Security Incidents
On August 14 at 4:00 PM, the power went out in New York City and across
much of the Northeast. As many as 50 million people were without
power, some for days. Although there were some initial rumors of
terrorism -- only a few, thankfully -- it was an accident.
At a time when we're worried about attacks -- by terrorists, hackers,
and ordinary criminals -- it's worth spending some time talking about
accidents.
Some years ago computer-security researcher Ross Anderson described the
difference as Murphy vs. Satan. Defending against accidents, he said,
means designing and engineering in a world ruled by Murphy's
Law. Things go wrong because, well, because things go wrong. When
you're designing for safety, you're designing for a world where random
faults occur. You're designing a bridge that will not collapse if
there's an earthquake, bed sheets that won't burst into flames if
there's a fire, computer systems that will still work -- or at least
fail gracefully -- in a power blackout. Sometimes you're designing for
large-scale events -- tornadoes, earthquakes, and other natural
disasters -- and sometimes you're designing for individual events:
someone slipping on the bathroom floor, a child sticking a fork into
something (accidental from the parent's point of view, even though the
child may have done it on purpose), a tree falling on a building's roof.
Security is different. In addition to worrying about accidents, you
also have to think about nonrandom events. Defending against attacks
means engineering in a world ruled by Satan's Law. Things go wrong
because there is a malicious and intelligent adversary trying to force
things to go wrong, at the very worst time, with the very worst
results. The differences between attacks and accidents are intent,
intelligence, and control.
Here are some examples:
Safety: You can predict how many fire stations a town needs to
handle
all the random fires that are likely to break out. Security: A
pyromaniac can deliberately set off more fire alarms than the town's
fire stations can handle so as to make his attacks more effective.
Safety: Knives are accidentally left in airplane carry-on luggage
and
can be spotted by airport X-ray machines. Security: An attacker tries
to sneak through a knife made of a material hard to detect with an
X-ray machine, and then deliberately positions it in her luggage to
make it even harder to detect with the X-ray machine.
Safety: Building engineers calculate how many fire doors are
required
for safe evacuation in an emergency. Security: Those doors are
deliberately barricaded before murderers set fire to the building.
(This happened in a Rwandan convent in 1994.)
A few years ago, a colleague of mine was showing off his company's
network security operations center. He was confident his team could
respond to any computer intrusion. "What happens if the hacker calls a
bomb threat in to this building before attacking your network?" I
asked. He hadn't thought of that. The problem is, attackers do think
of these things. The adolescent murderers at the Westside Middle
School in Jonesboro, Arkansas, in 1998 set off the fire alarm and
killed five and wounded ten others as they all funneled outside.
In an accident, the attacker is fate, luck, or Mother Nature. In an
attack, the attacker is both intelligent and deliberate. Attackers can
deliberately force faults at precisely the most opportune time and in
precisely the most opportune way. Attackers can exploit other people's
accidents. And when an attacker finds a vulnerability, he can exploit
it again and again. The odds of a natural fire are very low in most
industrial countries, but an arsonist can create a fire on
demand. Buffer overflows can happen in computers by accident, but they
hardly ever do; an attacker can force a buffer overflow that does
maximum damage to a computer system. It is the notion of an attacker
that separates safety and security engineering. In security,
intelligent opposition is trying to make security fail. And a safety
failure caused by an attacker becomes a security failure.
The two are also very similar. Regardless of whether you were stabbed
by a mugger or the knife slipped in kitchen accident, the emergency
room will respond the same way. The response by firemen, policemen,
and other rescue personnel after 9/11 would have been no different had
the planes lost their bearings in fog and accidentally flown into the
Twin Towers (as a plane flew into the Empire State Building in
1945). Backup procedures are the same regardless of whether someone
accidentally deleted a file or a worm deleted the file as part of its
programming.
Defenses are largely the same: countermeasures to defend the systems,
and reactive measures after the events. Better isolation of individual
power plants stops blackouts from spreading, regardless of the
cause. The rarity of blackouts, which led to inexperience in dealing
with them, exacerbated the problem. Disaster recovery works against
both floods and bombs. Securing the weakest link, defense in depth,
compartmentalization -- all the techniques I talk about to improve
security -- also help prevent accidents.
And, in both cases -- security failures and accidents -- it's a series
of failures that makes for spectacular results. The power blackout
started as a small accident and then cascaded into a large-scale
blackout. The 9/11 terrorist attack started out as a relatively small
security failure (taking over the airplanes), turned into a large
disaster (crashing them into the World Trade Center), and then cascaded
into an enormous disaster (lives lost, buildings collapsed, loss of
communications, etc.). In neither case could the final results have
been predicted based only on the initial failure; the systems were just
too complicated.
It's because of the interconnectedness of our systems that these events
turned into large-scale disasters. It happens rarely -- neither the
blackout nor the terrorist attacks were common events -- but sometimes
things are aligned in just the perfect way so that everything comes out
wrong. But if an intelligent and malicious attacker is trying to steer
events, disaster is more likely.
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
"Beyond Fear" Reactions
I would like to thank everyone who purchased "Beyond Fear" from Amazon
on August 15. The book made #1 on the non-fiction best-seller list
(above Al Franken's book), and #3 on the overall best-seller list
(behind "The Da Vinci Code" and a diet book).
Technically, the book wasn't published until September 4, and reviews
are just starting to appear.
"Schneier's latest book, Beyond Fear (Copernicus Books, 2003), is a
highly readable compendium of his thoughts on the various aspects of
real-world security. Designed for a general audience, it's a great
introduction to a complicated and confusing topic." --Business Week
<http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2003/tc2003092_0578.htm>
"In Beyond Fear, Schneier has utterly demystified the idea of security
with a text aimed squarely at nontechnical individuals. He takes his
legendary skill at applying common sense and lucidity to
information-security problems and applies it to all the bogeymen of the
post-9/11 world, and asks the vital question: What are we getting in
exchange for the liberties that the Ashcroftian authorities have taken
away from us in the name of security?
"This is possibly the most important question of this decade, and that
makes Schneier's book one of the most important texts of the
decade. This should be required reading for every American, and the
world would be a better place if anyone venturing an opinion on
electronic voting, airline security, roving wiretaps, or any other
modern horror absorbed this book's lessons first." --Cory Doctorow,
BoingBoing
<http://boingboing.net/2003_08_01_archive.html#200444060>
"The UN officials should have read security expert Bruce Schneier's new
book, Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain
World. Schneier points out the dangers of inattention and wishful
thinking where security is concerned." --glennreynolds.com
<http://www.msnbc.com/news/856672.asp?cp1=1> (linked from Instapundit:
<http://www.instapundit.com/archives/011152.php>)
"Bruce Schneier is a security guru who generally preaches common sense
(a common theme in RISKS, although common sense is apparently
surprisingly uncommon overall). In our time, common sense may seem
absolutely heretical to people other than those of us who try to
practice it. Fortunately, RISKS readers seem to be much more aware
than nonreaders. For those of you who think you believe in common
sense, this book will strongly reinforce your beliefs -- and will do so
quite entertainingly. On the other hand, those who do not actually
practice what we preach here had better read Bruce's book very
carefully." --Peter Neumann, comp.risks
<http://groups.google.com/groups?dq=&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&group=comp.risks
&selm=CMM.0.90.4.1060957752.risko%40chiron.csl.sri.com>
"Something sorely needed about 2 years ago. But, better late than
never.... His stuff is _always_ great, and he really has his head
screwed on straight and tight." --Hellblazer
<http://www.hellblazer.com/archives/001779.html>
My goal for this book is to appeal to a wider audience, one outside the
technology community. In pursuit of that goal, I have been speaking in
front of different audiences: product designers, architects,
economists, the U.S. Congress, the general public.
Security is too important these days to be mysterious. It's too
important to be left to the "experts." Security affects us all, and we
all need to make our own security trade-offs consciously and deliberately.
It is my hope that "Beyond Fear" contributes to the debate.
Beyond Fear home page:
<http://www.schneier.com/bf.html>
Amazon's page:
<http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387026207/counterpane/>
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
Crypto-Gram Reprints
Crypto-Gram is currently in its sixth year of publication. Back issues
cover a variety of security-related topics, and can all be found on
<http://www.counterpane.com/crypto-gram.html>. These are a selection
of articles that appeared in this calendar month in other years.
Special issue on 9/11, including articles on airport security,
biometrics, cryptography, steganography, intelligence failures, and
protecting liberty:
<http://www.counterpane.com/crypto-gram-0109a.html>
Full Disclosure and the Window of Exposure:
<http://www.counterpane.com/crypto-gram-0009.html#1>
Open Source and Security:
<http://www.counterpane.com/crypto-gram-9909.html#OpenSourceandSecurity>
Factoring a 512-bit Number:
<http://www.counterpane.com/crypto-gram-9909.html#Factoringa512-bitNumber>
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
Licensing Computer Users
A recent Associated Press story about licensing computer users has some
people believing that I am in favor of the idea.
I'm not. Period.
The idea is that users can potentially do damage with their computers,
so why not force them to get licenses as we do for automobile
drivers. While this is one potential way to deal with the problem of
people having default security configurations and not installing their
patches, I think that the damage that would do to the Information Age
would be disastrous. And that it is a bad security trade-off.
It's interesting that people are taking this idea seriously, though. I
think that the computer industry has painted itself into a corner. On
the one hand, it has positioned computers as a mass-market consumer
item. Everyone should own a computer. On the other hand, they have
made computers so complex to administer that you need significant
training to do it properly. One of the results of this is bad
security, which we're seeing.
But I don't think the solution is to force computer users to be
licensed. When I read my quote it's clear to me that I'm not saying
that, but I want to correct the impression of anyone who does.
<http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/11/tech/main572815.shtml>
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
News
An interesting, inadvertent, distributed denial-of-service. An
accident, not an attacker.
<http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~plonka/netgear-sntp/>
John Poindexter has submitted his letter of resignation from DARPA.
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A51578-2003Aug12>
A copy of his letter:
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/transcripts/poindexterlette
r.pdf> or <http://tinyurl.com/n54y>
Fascinating news article about a slot-machine hacker:
<http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2003-08-11-slot-cheats_x.htm>
Messing with the Safeway grocery story frequent-buyers card in an
effort to retain privacy:
<http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,59589,00.html>
Demonstration of new airport X-ray scanning technology:
<http://www.wired.com/news/images/0,2334,59401-7859,00.html>
When Windows XP crashes, it asks you if you want to send a report to
Microsoft. Ever wonder what happens to those reports?
<http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,4149,1210067,00.asp>
Patching doesn't work. (I said this in 2000.)
<http://www.computerworld.com/securitytopics/security/holes/story/0,1080
1,84083,00.html> or <http://tinyurl.com/n55b>
<http://www.computerworld.com/softwaretopics/os/windows/story/0,10801,84
084,00.html> or <http://tinyurl.com/n55e>
The U.S. Department of Justice has released "A Review of the FBI's
Performance in Deterring, Detecting, and Investigating the Espionage
Activities of Robert Philip Hanssen." At least, the unclassified
executive summary.
<http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/03-08/index.htm>
NIST report on IDSs:
<http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistir/nistir-7007.pdf>
Decryption of a 17th century historical document:
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/08/29/ndiary2
9.xml> or <http://tinyurl.com/n55o>
The sad, sad story of Dell's software license policy. A license that
is impossible to read helps no one, neither the buyer nor the
seller. It's really bad security.
<http://www.cypherpunks.ca/dell.html>
In an ever-increasing world of technology, it's important not to forget
that low-tech works too. Two people dressed as technicians walked into
the "Customs cargo processing and intelligence center" at the Sydney
Airport, poked around for a couple of hours, and left with a couple of
servers. (Note: "ASIO" stands for Australian Security Intelligence
Organization, something like the CIA.)
<http://news.ninemsn.com.au/National/story_51495.asp>
<http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/04/1062548967124.html>
<http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/55/32677.html>
Serious flaws in GSM cell phone encryption:
<http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994130>
Interesting report on the security of Diebold's voting machines. Scary
stuff, especially if you consider that these are already being
purchased for use in U.S. elections.
<http://avirubin.com/vote.pdf>
Computer article saying something I've said for years: the concept of
perimeter defense doesn't make sense. The article uses the "submarine
warfare" paradigm: attacks can come from anywhere at any time.
<http://infosecuritymag.techtarget.com/ss/0,295796,sid6_iss21_art86,00.h
tml>
Face-scanning in airports -- catching terrorists as they walk by --
fails miserably in tests. The report was written in 2002, but never
made public. The ACLU had to file a Freedom of Information Act request
to get a copy of it.
<http://www3.gartner.com/DisplayDocument?doc_cd=117139>
Interview with Kevin Mitnick. He has a bunch of interesting things to
say about the state of computer security and the circumstances of his
arrest and conviction.
<[log in to unmask]&seqid=9" target="_blank">http://www.itsj.com/Articles.aspx?aid=72&[log in to unmask]&seqid=9>
South Korea's Samsung Electronics has banned the use of camera phones
in some of its factories for fear they could be used for industrial
espionage.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3052156.stm>
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
Counterpane News
Schneier is currently on a national press tour to promote "Beyond
Fear." Unfortunately, the East Coast dates were all last week. Here
are the upcoming radio and television appearances:
"KARE 11 News Today," KARE-TV in Minneapolis, September 15 somewhere
between 10:00 AM and 11:00 Central Time.
"The Pete Wilson Show," radio in San Francisco, September 16 at 3:00 PM
- 4:00 Pacific Time.
"Dave Ross Show," KIRO-AM in Seattle, September 18 at 11:00 AM - 12:00
Pacific Time.
Some show on KLAY-AM in Seattle, September 18 at 12:15 PM - 12:45
Pacific Time.
"Extension 720," WGN-AM in Chicago, September 19 at 9:00 PM - 11:00
Central Time. I have trouble believing that this will be two full
hours, but that's what's on my schedule.
"Introspect," KPMS-FM/KYCW-AM in Seattle, September 21 at 9:00 AM -
9:15 Pacific Time.
"9 Good News Day," KMSP-TV in Minneapolis, September 22 at 8:15 AM
Central Time.
"KARE 11 News First Edition, KARE-TV in Minneapolis, September 29 at
6:25 AM Central Time.
"Midmorning," KNOW-FM in St. Paul, September 29 at 10:00 AM - 11:00
Central Time.
An interview with Schneier:
<http://www.cips.ca/news/national/news.asp?aID=1711>
Business Week interview with Schneier:
<http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2003/tc2003092_0578.htm>
Interview with Schneier on WNYC's Leonard Lopate Show:
<http://www.wnyc.org/shows/lopate/episodes/09102003>
Link to audio file:
<http://stream.realimpact.net/rihurl.ram?file=realimpact/wnyc/ranyco/ll0
91003d.ra> or <http://tinyurl.com/n565>
Interview with Schneier on WAMU's Kojo Nnamdi Show:
<http://www.wamu.org/kojo/index.html>
Link to audio file:
<http://www.wamu.org/ram/2003/k1030911.ram>
PRI's "Marketplace" Interview with Schneier:
<http://www.marketplace.org/morning_report/2003/09/10_mmr.html>
Link to audio file:
<http://www.marketplace.org/play/audio.php?media=/morning_report/2003/09
/10_mktmorn0750&start=00:00:04:32.0&end=00:00:07:50.6> or
<http://tinyurl.com/n56q>
Schneier is speaking at the International Conference on Advanced
Technologies for Homeland Security, at the University of Connecticut,
on September 25th.
<http://www.engr.uconn.edu/icaths/>
Schneier is speaking at ToorCon in San Diego on September 27th.
<http://www.toorcon.org/>
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
Security Notes from All Over: Hats in Banks
A Birmingham, Alabama, bank is prohibiting its customers from wearing
hats inside its branches. The idea is to improve security against bank
robberies.
I guess the ideas is that a bank robber without a hat will show up
better on security cameras. This makes a little bit of sense, until
you start thinking about how it might work in practice.
Someone walks in with a hat. He walks up to a teller and announces a
stick-up. Meanwhile, a security guard calls out: "Excuse me, sir. Can
you remove your hat." I'll bet the teller will press her little
"alarm" button a whole lot quicker than that.
Maybe a hat will tip off bank security quicker, enabling them to react
in time. But what about bank robbers in ski masks? Didn't that
already arouse suspicion? Why didn't that work? And if it didn't work
for ski masks, why will it work for hats?
And the false alarm rate must be horrible. People walk into buildings
wearing hats all the time. Almost none of them are bank robbers. How
many times a day will security guards say "please remove your hat"
before they become conditioned to the fact that no one wearing a hat is
a bank robber?
Ski masks, presumably, have a much lower false alarm rate.
But let's assume, for the moment, that there is this breed of hatted
criminal that can be foiled by a ban on hats. Why can't they dress up
as "a nun, an Orthodox Jew, a Sikh in a turban or a burqa-clad Muslim
woman"? Those groups are specifically exempted from the hat restriction.
All this aside, the rule has a little bit of security benefit. Some
bank robbers might decide to rob a different bank because the hat rule
is a bit too annoying. But bank robbers relying on speed are unlikely
to care, and bank robbers relying on stealth are unlikely to care.
Security is always a trade-off: you have to balance the security you
receive with what you give up in exchange. This rule is likely to
annoy and inconvenience customers, while doing little to improve bank
security. Hardly a good trade-off in the end.
And it certainly would never work where the winters are cold. Hats are
not just fashion; sometimes they're survival gear. Ski masks, too.
<http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascity/business/6528038.htm>
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
Benevolent Worms
A week after Blaster infected computers across the Internet, a
"benevolent" worm started spreading in its wake. Called Blast.D or
Nachi, it infects computers through the same vulnerability that Blaster
did. When it infects a computer, it finds and deletes Blaster, and
then applies the Microsoft patch to the computer so that the
vulnerability is closed and Blaster cannot reinfect. It then scans the
network for other infected machines and repairs them, too.
Blast.D represents a cool-sounding idea, and one that surfaces from
time to time. Why don't we use worms (or viruses) for good instead of
evil? Worms contain two parts: a propagation mechanism and a
payload. The propagation mechanism spreads the code from computer to
computer. The payload is what it does once it gets to a computer. As
long they're infecting everyone's computer, why don't we use them to
patch vulnerabilities, update systems, and improve security? Why don't
we create worms with beneficial payloads, and then let them propagate
unchecked?
This is tempting for several reasons. One, it's poetic: turning a
weapon against itself. Two, it lets ethical programmers share in the
fun of designing worms. And three, it sounds like a promising
technique to solve one of the nastiest online security problems:
patching or repairing computers' vulnerabilities.
Everyone knows that patching is in shambles. Users, especially home
users, don't do it. The best patching techniques involve a lot of
negotiation, pleading, and manual labor...things that nobody enjoys
very much. Beneficial worms look like a happy solution. You turn a
Byzantine social problem into a fun technical problem. You don't have
to convince people to install patches and system updates; you use
technology to force them to do what you want.
And that's exactly why it's a terrible idea. Patching other people's
machines without annoying them is good; patching other people's
machines without their consent is not. A worm is not "bad" or "good"
depending on its payload. Viral propagation mechanisms are inherently
bad, and giving them beneficial payloads doesn't make things better. A
worm is no tool for any rational network administrator, regardless of
intent.
A good software distribution mechanism has the following characteristics:
1) People can choose the options they want.
2) Installation is adapted to the host it's running on.
3) It's easy to stop an installation in progress, or uninstall the
software.
4) It's easy to know what has been installed where.
A successful worm, on the other hand, runs without the consent of the
user. It has a small amount of code, and once it starts to spread, it
is self-propagating, and will keep going automatically until it's halted.
These characteristics are simply incompatible. Giving the user more
choice, making installation flexible and universal, allowing for
uninstallation -- all of these make worms harder to
propagate. Designing a better software distribution mechanism, makes
it a worse worm, and vice versa. On the other hand, making the worm
quieter and less obvious to the user, making it smaller and easier to
propagate, and making it impossible to contain, all make for bad
software distribution.
All of this makes worms easy to get wrong and hard to recover
from. Experimentation, most of it involuntary, proves that worms are
very hard to debug successfully: in other words, once worms starts
spreading it's hard to predict exactly what they will do. Some viruses
were written to propagate harmlessly, but did damage -- ranging from
crashed machines to clogged networks -- because of bugs in their
code. Many worms were written to do damage and turned out to be
harmless (which is even more revealing).
Intentional experimentation by well-meaning system administrators
proves that in your average office environment, the code that
successfully patches one machine won't work on another. Indeed,
sometimes the results are worse than any threat of external
attack. Combining a tricky problem with a distribution mechanism
that's impossible to debug and difficult to control is fraught with
danger. Every system administrator who's ever distributed software
automatically on his network has had the "I just automatically, with
the press of a button, destroyed the software on hundreds of machines
at once!" experience. And that's with systems you can debug and
control; self-propagating systems don't even let you shut them down
when you find the problem. Patching systems is fundamentally a human
problem, and beneficial worms are a technical solution that doesn't work.
On the other hand, automatic update functions are sometimes a good
idea. Corporate network administrators often hate them, for all the
right reasons, but there's no other way to patch many home-user
systems. There are legions of computer users who cannot administer
their own computers. For them, I strongly recommend automatic
updates. It won't be perfect. It'll occasionally break their
system. And sooner or later someone will figure out how to install
malware using the automatic update system. But it's a much better
solution than the alternative, which is that these systems never get
patched.
(An earlier version of this essay was written with Elizabeth Zwicky in
2000, and appeared in "The Industry Standard.")
Blast.D Stories:
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A9531-2003Aug18>
<http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2003/0,4814,84126,00.html>
<http://news.com.com/2102-1002_3-5065117.html?tag=ni_print>
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
California's Security-Breach Disclosure Law
California's Security Breach Information Act has been in effect since
July 1. As reported by the press, the point of the law is to force
companies to disclose security breaches to those affected by
them. Supposedly, if your credit card number is stolen from some
company's database, that company has to inform you of that fact -- at
least if you live in California. The idea is twofold. One, consumers
will be able to make smarter security decisions because more
information is made public. And two, companies wanting to avoid
embarrassment will spend more money improving their computer security.
It's a really good idea, but the law is so badly written as to be a
sham. There are loopholes large enough to hide any security breach.
1) It applies only to data theft that includes a person's name and one
of the following: a SSN, a driver's license number, or financial
account number plus requisite PINs or passwords. A database of names
and SSNs would be covered. A database of names, debit card numbers,
and PINs would be covered. A database of SSNs, debit card numbers, and
PINs would not. A database of names and credit card numbers, without
PINs, would not. Neither would a credit report or a financial
statement, as long as there was no SSN on it.
2) It does not apply to the theft of any other data. No disclosure is
required if someone steals a database of sensitive health
information. No disclosure is required if someone steals a database of
purchasing history. No disclosure is required if someone steals video
rental records, book purchasing history, personal e-mails, court
proceedings, criminal records, or any other personal information.
3) It only applies if either the name or the other data isn't
encrypted. This kind of makes sense, until you realize that the method
of encryption isn't specified. Even if the encryption is breakable,
even if the encryption key is stolen with the data, even if the
database is protected by ROT-13, no disclosure is required.
4) Disclosure can be delayed "if a law enforcement agency determines
that the notification will impede a criminal investigation." At least
the determination has to be made by the police, and not by the attacked
company, but I'm sure it won't be very difficult to find a local law
enforcement agency willing to make that determination.
Forcing companies to disclose when their customers' private information
has been compromised is a good idea, but unfortunately this law is so
badly written that it can be safely ignored. According to a
Computerworld article, one attorney said: "What some companies are
thinking of doing is assigning a random number to a customer name in
one database and linking that random number to the personally
identifiable information stored in a completely separate
database." That might be following the letter of the law, but it is
certainly against the spirit.
Here's just one example. Last month Daniel Baas was arrested for
breaking into, and stealing customer data from, the Acxiom Corp.
database. Acxiom is a company that analyzes consumer databases for
other companies, including Microsoft, IBM, AT&T and General
Electric. They have lots of data on lots of California
residents. Shouldn't Acxiom have been required to send its California
customers an embarrassing confession? Isn't this exactly the kind of
security breach that the law should cover? The fact that Acxiom felt
no compulsion under the law attests to its ineffectiveness.
Text of the California law:
<http://www.privacyprotection.ca.gov/code/cc1798.291798.82.htm>
A nice analysis of the law and its implications:
<http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,3959,1191924,00.asp>
Senator Diane Feinstein introduced a Federal bill is modeled after the
California law:
<http://www.infoworld.com/article/03/07/18/HNsmallsteps_1.html>
Text of the bill:
<http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_cong_bill
s&docid=f:s1350is.txt.pdf> or <http://tinyurl.com/n57d>
Acxiom hack:
<http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/55/32278.html>
<http://www.securityfocus.com/news/6733>
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
Correction
In the August 15 Crypto-Gram, I erroneously attributed the following
letter to Andy Brown <[log in to unmask]>:
"Subject: "I haven't a clue, really"
"I am writing with regard to the message in the Letters-section of your
Crypto-Gram of 15 July, 2003, which contains the header,
'From: Somewhere / Subject: I haven't a clue, really'. In a preamble
to this message, you assert, 'I reprint it here solely for
entertainment purposes.'
"With respect, I must tell you that I did not find this letter
entertaining in the slightest degree; on the contrary, I found it
disturbing in its content, and annoying inasmuch as you should have
chosen to publicize it. Perhaps, as you intimate, the writer of this
missive may be delusional. If that were the case, surely s/he would be
deserving of compassion -- but hardly of public display; and in any
event, it is anything but yours (or mine) to arrogate to ourselves the
role of armchair-analyst omniscience. ('... delusional
paranoia...'? That is an extremely powerful term, which even the
'experts' appear to have trouble with.)"
The author of this letter was, in fact, Dr. Robert Taylor
<[log in to unmask]>.
Apologies to both people.
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
Comments from Readers
From: Bruce McNair <[log in to unmask]>
Subject: How to Fight
I think it's horrible that someone would intentionally provide
incorrect information to government agencies or corporate data
gatherers as Richard suggests. I know that when the State of New
Jersey asks me for my SSN on my driver's license renewal or vehicle
registrations, I wouldn't think of giving them bad information. Of
course, I am generally in a hurry, so my handwriting may not be the
most legible...
And although I do occasionally do get my merds wixed up, I hardly ever
accidentally swap digits. I am especially careful to enter the proper
numbers -- I wouldn't want to compound the problem deciphering my
writing. But my numerals do tend to look like the Greek lower case
letters my professors loved to use. You know: eta and zeta, and the
others that looked like snakes in abdominal spasm.
Just like the checkout clerks that insist on capturing your credit card
signature electronically, the DMV clerks are not concerned with what
gets written down, just as long as they can show their boss that they
didn't let someone by without filling in the box.
By the way, what are the Roman numerals to signify numbers on the order
of 10**8? I have verified that the DMV forms state no requirement for
legibility, but I don't see that they require SSNs be provided in
Arabic numerals, either.
From: Pekka Pihlajasaari <[log in to unmask]>
Subject: How to Fight
But incitement to a felony almost certainly is an offence and should
not be too difficult to prove. I agree that the path of least
resistance is often the submission of inaccurate data, but I do not
think that deliberately or otherwise altering the data corrects the
underlying expectation on the part of the service provider and
certainly adds an incentive to demand a copy of the underlying identity
to confirm the correctness of the information.
I was leaving a mall car park yesterday and noticed that I had lost the
parking voucher after it had been validated by the pay terminal. I
happened to have the optional payment receipt and showed this as proof
of payment in an effort to be allowed out. I declined to provide more
than the minimum identification to the security personnel that I felt
was appropriate and was prevented from leaving.
The security manager said that payment receipts could be drawn after
the fact, and they could be used to avoid payment of the fee after a
long-term period of parking. The ostensible reason for requesting the
documentation was to counter the widely understood risk of car theft
(there are often signs at mall entrances requesting that owners not
leave the voucher in their cars). He stated that this was a measure
that demonstrated that they were not negligent and would thus maintain
their declaration of liability disclaimer.
In the end the police came out to the parking lot and confirmed my
identity against the registered owner of the vehicle (which happened to
be mine). I wasted about 90 minutes and possibly the security manager
will think longer before making a customer irate and having a car
blocking an exit lane.
From: "Balog Pal" <[log in to unmask]>
Subject: Photo-ID Verification
> Security Notes from All Over: Photo-ID Verification
> Employee: This is my face -- I am wearing it on my head.
>
> Security Guard: I need another piece of ID with a picture on it to
> compare against this one.
>
> This is a great story, because it illustrates how completely
> clueless security guards can be about how security really works.
This story made me a really good laugh. However I can't agree with all
your comments. The actual guard may have been clueless, and his
arguments make that more likely. But if I were that guard, I'd
definitely ask an ID too.
Otherwise it would allow a pretty cheap attack. If I have a face
enough resembling an employee, all I need to know his ID number. Not
something secret at all. Then I come with the same story about the
lost token and get in. If a driver's license is requested, the guard
can be (more) sure I really am that employee by matching the name on
the presented ID card. To make the attack work I have at least to
gather enough personal data on the targeted employee, and make a fake
ID. Or steal it.
From: "Anderson, Kevin" <[log in to unmask]>
Subject: Photo-ID Verification
No pun intended, but on the surface the guard seems foolish, but I can
imagine that the "employee" may really be someone who had hacked into
the company site the night before and simply switched his photo for the
one that should be there. Another form of authentication that matched
name and photo and address would be a good security check. In this
case the guard should ALWAYS check for an ID to verify against the
company's records based on policies set by others who are hopefully
smarter than he is about security. It is better that the guard
mindlessly goes through the "security checklist" than to start
determining which steps can be dismissed on occasion. If the security
guard was a firewall and skipped some filter processing sometimes we'd
call it a bug and fix it.
From: "Heber Watts" <[log in to unmask]>
Subject: National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Database Accuracy
I recently read your article; National Crime Information Center (NCIC)
Database Accuracy in your April 15, 2003 edition of Crypto-Gram. The
only error that I found in your article is as follows:
You state that;
1. "The Privacy Act of 1974 requires the FBI to make reasonable efforts
to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the records in this
database. Last month, the Justice Department exempted the system from
the law's accuracy requirements."
2. "This isn't just bad social practice, it's bad security. A database
with more errors is much less useful than a database with fewer errors,
and an error-filled security database is much more likely to target
innocents than it is to let the guilty go free."
These statements appear to assume that there is no oversight to the
accuracy of information entered into the database. The problem with
the Privacy Act of 1974 requirements was that nobody could foresee the
volume of information that would be entered into the NCIC
database. You are absolutely correct that the database is enormous and
it was the enormity of the database that proved to be the issue. It
was impossible for the FBI to insure that accuracy of information
entered by the more than 80,000 participating agencies. The burden of
insuring the accuracy now falls to the individual States. With that
responsibility comes the liability burden as well.
There is no way that a single centralized agency can insure the
accuracy of the information contained in such a large data
base. Additionally, police officers do not arrest based on the
database proclaiming one's "guilt." Warrants provide "probable cause
to arrest." For example, a Maryland police officer stops a motorist,
makes an NCIC inquiry and receives a "hit," the database says the
individual is wanted by California. The police officer will detain the
motorist and the Maryland police terminal operator will immediately
contact the California agency holding the warrant. The California
agency has a specific amount of time to confirm that the warrant is
valid and that they will travel to Maryland to transport the wanted
person back to California (extradite). If California is unwilling to
transport the wanted person back to California or cannot "validate" the
warrant within the time specified, the wanted person is released, no
arrest is made.
The individual participating agencies are required to have systems in
place to confirm the accuracy of the information they enter into the
system. In addition, NCIC information has very limited evidentiary
value. Its greatest evidentiary value comes in cases such as in the
initial example. If the California warrant for the motorist could not
be validated or California was unwilling to extradite, and the motorist
decided to sue the Maryland police officer claiming false arrest, the
Maryland officer's defense would be that he/she only detained the
person long enough to validate the warrant that California placed in
the NCIC system. The Maryland police officer would be protected
because his/her actions were reasonable and prudent. In this case,
California has the responsibility to insure that every warrant is valid
and to inform the system far they are willing to travel to retrieve the
wanted person. They are technically liable for maintaining an invalid
warrant or not clearly stating how far they will travel to retrieve the
wanted person.
This is not exactly efficient in the eyes of information technologists,
but it is an excellent safeguard. People are not detained for
outrageous periods of time nor are they arrested erroneously on a large
scale because of the safeguards. There are still various errors such as
typographical errors, but those issues can be confirmed through
subsequent investigation. The system is not perfect, but it is not
wide open, either.
From: Saul Backal <[log in to unmask]>, Ralph Lotkin <[log in to unmask]>
Subject: Meganet
Meganet Corporation is the inventor and owner of encryption technology
referred to as VME--Virtual Matrix Encryption, a 1 million-bit
symmetric encryption algorithm that was granted U.S. Patent No.
6,219,421 on April 17, 2001. Despite this patent grant, and the fact
that major customers exist for the technology worldwide, certain
individuals in the "crypto-community" still express disdain for Meganet
Corporation and belittle VME without ever having taken a serious look
at the technology.
In our view, both Meganet Corporation and VME have been misjudged. All
we ask is that you give our technology a serious look. The only
outcome we desire is that the crypto-community judges Meganet and VME
objectively.
Why has there been criticism? The first answer is because we made some
unintended business mistakes. And, for its part, the community rushed
to judgment relying upon those errors rather than upon an objective and
thorough analysis on the merits.
Meganet Corporation started as a two-man operation. The technology was
great, but there was no professional marketing force so, not having an
experienced, businessman on board, we naively selected the wrong
marketing company--a company that presented itself to be a leader in
marketing but was not what it claimed. The VME technical documentation
was broken into pieces to create marketing documents in an industry
they did not know or understand and, of course, the results were
tragic. People who read the material disparaged VME without ever
seeing it or evaluating it thoroughly. The sad fact is that, to our
knowledge, not one of those experts ever looked at our algorithm, the
source code, the U.S. Patent, or even called us.
So, what did Meganet do wrong? We employed the wrong marketing team
with no knowledge of the industry or technology, a mistake many new
startup companies make. With the benefit of hindsight, that hopefully
has been corrected.
Second, Meganet was faulted for its decision not to publicly disclose
the source code for VME. However, we did this to preserve our ability
to make a profit selling our technology and to prevent others from
making illegal copies or incorporating our intellectual property into
their own. In Applied Cryptography, Bruce Schneier claims that such
non-disclosure is "security through obscurity" and is
unacceptable. Nevertheless, when discussing Professor Shamir's RC4 and
RC5 algorithms, Schneier did not hold Shamir to the same disclosure
requirement; apparently because Shamir is a respected professor and
therefore was deemed exempt. RC4 and RC5 became mainstream
algorithms. Why were the algorithm kept private? We believe it was
because Professor Shamir sought to earn a profit on the sale of his
technology, unlike RSA, that in the first eight years of its existence
saw the whole world use their technology royalty free, even though they
had a patent in place. To our knowledge, it took RSA approximately two
decades before it began earning a decent profit from their technology,
while RC4 and RC5 earned a profit quickly.
Thus, we do not agree that our refusal to disclose source code was, or
continues to be, a mistake. Importantly, the VME application has been
available for free (in EVAL versions) for 7 years. So again we ask,
"Did any of the experts ever look at the patent and algorithm materials
thoroughly"? Did anyone ever contact us? To the best of our
knowledge, the answer is, "No".
Perhaps it is easier to claim that VME is "snake oil" than it is to
analyze a new approach to encryption. Furthermore, disassembly of the
VME executable code, which is a scant 160KB, should be a simple task
for encryption experts. If "security through obscurity" is, per se,
bad, how is it that an industry filled with experts cannot simply
decompile a 160KB executable code to prove that VME is "snake oil" or
solve repeated challenges to do so?
Indeed, many have complained about the challenges we issued
periodically to hackers and encryption enthusiasts. Those challenges
were attacked as "unfair", "lies", and "unfounded". We disagree. We
gave the application that encrypted the file. We also gave the
cyphertext file and, at the end of the challenge, each and every
participant was able to enter the solution published on our website and
decrypt the file themselves on their own computer to prove that there
was indeed a solution for the challenge. Nothing was missing. Isn't
this how credible government and corporate security are supposed to
work?
Finally, criticism has been focused on the basic claim of our
technology - one million bits. What an attractive opportunity to poke
fun, indeed the so-called first sign of "snake oil". If it is so bad,
then how is it that the algorithm ridiculed by the technology community
has now been acquired and is available for use in thousands of U.S.
Government computers and even by more corporate users worldwide? Why
did they buy the technology? Because they apparently concluded that
VME is one of the most competitively priced and strongest commercially
off the shelf symmetric encryption technologies available.
Where do we go from here? We offer the following suggestions:
First, check out VME for yourself--don't simply accept or parrot
others' opinions. Not understanding a phrase does not mean that it is
incorrect or meaningless. Better yet, if you wish more information,
just call us.
Second, participate in the "Crypto-Community Challenge" that will be
posted on our website and will start on September 15 and will last 6
months. We will provide an encrypted file and the application that
encrypted it and will decrypt the solution on your own computer, free
of charge. If successful, the winner will be given a large monetary
prize. We invite--better yet--we urge Bruce Schneier and Counterpane
to organize the entire crypto-community into an effective
challenge-breaking attempt, just like the one that was undertaken to
respond to the RSA challenges. Be thorough and see for yourself if VME
is truly what it claims to be.
As a constantly evolving technology community, we owe it to ourselves
to be professional and to examine new and emerging approaches on their
merits. Meganet seeks only this minimal fairness. We hope this brief
communication will help start that reexamination.
Thank you for your attention.
** *** ***** ******* *********** *************
CRYPTO-GRAM is a free monthly newsletter providing summaries, analyses,
insights, and commentaries on security: computer and otherwise. Back
issues are available on <http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram.html>.
To subscribe, visit <http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram.html> or send
a blank message to [log in to unmask] To
unsubscribe, visit <http://www.schneier.com/unsubform.html>.
Please feel free to forward CRYPTO-GRAM to colleagues and friends who
will find it valuable. Permission is granted to reprint CRYPTO-GRAM,
as long as it is reprinted in its entirety.
CRYPTO-GRAM is written by Bruce Schneier. Schneier is the author of
the best sellers "Beyond Fear," "Secrets and Lies," and "Applied
Cryptography," and an inventor of the Blowfish, Twofish,
algorithms. He is founder and CTO of Counterpane Internet Security
Inc., and is a member of the Advisory Board of the Electronic Privacy
Information Center (EPIC). He is a frequent writer and lecturer on
security topics. See <http://www.schneier.com>.
Counterpane Internet Security, Inc. is the world leader in Managed
Security Monitoring. Counterpane's expert security analysts protect
networks for Fortune 1000 companies world-wide. See
<http://www.counterpane.com>.
Copyright (c) 2003 by Bruce Schneier.
************************************************************************************
Distributed through Cyber-Society-Live [CSL]: CSL is a moderated discussion
list made up of people who are interested in the interdisciplinary academic
study of Cyber Society in all its manifestations.To join the list please visit:
http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/cyber-society-live.html
*************************************************************************************
|
