I have just returned from holiday and was pleased to find several entries
in my mailbox.

For those who did, and those who didn't, send in answers, here are what I
consider the answers to be.

1) The 1974 Land Boundary agreement commonly known as the Indira-Mujib
Accord was, inter alia, supposed to sort out the 'problem' of the Cooch
Behar enclaves for once and for all. Has either side ratified it, and if
so, who and in which year?

Bangladesh ratified the Accord in late 1974 after a Supreme Court challenge
was dismissed, and the Constitution changed to redefine the area of the
country. India has refused to ratify the agreement and change her
constitution likewise until the border is demarcated fully, including the
enclaves it seems, and this has not been completed to date (see Q3 below).
This attitude is in direct contradiction to the Indian position in the
1950s and 60s where the ratification of the previous Nehru-Noon agreement
over the enclaves was made before demarcation.
1 point.

2) According to the above agreement which enclave does Bangladesh get to
keep, and why?

The Nehru-Noon agreement of the late 1950s was to exchange the enclaves
entirely, but the contentious area of Berubari, part of India, was to be
split between India and Pakistan. This agreement caused much dissent and
violence among locals affected, and was put off by their action, and a
breakdown in Indo-Paki relations in the 1960s, including the wars of 1965
and 1971. The 1971 war resulted in the creation of Pakistan, and the new
Indira-Mujib accord which left Berubari entirely with India, and in return
for giving up their claim here, Bangladesh was allowed to keep the largest
enclave, containing 2 villages: Angarpota and Dahagram, and to ensure
access to them, a corridor would be leased by India to Bangladesh.
This corridor has been leased (in 1992) but the rest of the Accord remains
unratified by India.
2 points (one for 'which', 1 for 'why')

3) To the nearest 10km, how much of the India-Bangladesh land border
remains undemarcated?

6.5 km remains undemarcated, so the correct answer is 10km, (to give it to
the nearest 10km).
1 point

4) For how long and for what price has India granted Bangladesh a lease of
the Tin Bigha corridor?

999 years or 'in perpetuity', at a price of 1 taka per year, which is not
collected by India.
1 point

5) India calls it New Moore Island. What does Bangladesh call it?

South Talpatty Island
1 point

6) Boundary-wise, what is unusual about Lake Titicaca?

The lake straddles the Peruvian-Bolivian boundary, but on the Peruvian
shore is a peninsula (Copacobana), which belongs to Bolivia, creating what
some call an 'enclave', but is really a fragment. Bolivian waters appear to
join the fragment to the rest of Bolivia, so that there are 2 sections of
Peruvian waters in the lake.
1 point

7) How many enclaves of Belgium exist inside the Netherlands?

Twenty-two. There are a total of 30 enclaves in Baarle: 22 of Belgium in
the Netherlands, 7 of Netherlands in those of Belgium in the Netherlands,
and one of the Netherlands in 'mainland' Belgium.
1 point

8) Some houses in the Belgian/Dutch village of Baarle straddle the border.
How is their nationality decided?

By which country their front door is in. This is indicated by a numberplate
by the door in the colours of the appropriate country.
1 point

9) What is unusual about the house at 19 Loveren, Baarle-Nassau, Netherlands?

The house is also #2 Loveren, Baarle-Hertog, Belgium. The border runs
through the front door, so this house has 2 numberplates, one for each country.
1 point

10) What is the name of the Belgian railway which enclaves 5 parcels of
Germany, south of Aachen?

Vennbahn
1 point

11) What is the railway currently used for?

It has not carried regular passengers for several decades, and the freight
side has also dried up. Today the line runs tourist steam train rides.
1 point

12) Several islands or island groups along with their territorial waters
are enclaved within another country's waters. Name all current cases.

I am aware of three cases:
The Channel Islands, in French waters, St Pierre et Miquelon in Canadian
waters and Likoma in Lake Malawi, belonging to Malawi but in Mozambiquean
waters.
1 point each, 3 points total.

13) The Zimbabwe/Botswana/Namibia/Zambia quadripoint question has still not
been resolved. Do any legitimate international land quadripoints (a point
where 4 boundary lines meet) currently exist, and if so, where?

2 exist to my knowledge:
Jungholz is an Austrian village, connected to the rest of Austria by a
single point, thus at that point, 4 segments of the Austro-German border
meet [ note I did not say 4 separate countries had to met, only 4 boundary
lines, which is not the same thing].
The other case is in Baarle. Demarcation of the Baarle enclaves in 1995
finally created another 2-country quadripoint in the middle of a field in
the SE of the village.
See Dutch 1:25 000 map 50G "Baarle-Nassau" or 1:50 000 map 50 Oost
"Tilburg", coordinates:1239-3831; or Belgian 1:25 000 map 8/3-4
"Wortel-Weelde" coordinates 1897-2364
1 point each, 2 points total.

14) The world's newest recognised enclave was demarcated in 1995. Whose is
it, who hosts it and where, exactly, is it?

The 1995 demarcation of Baarle gave a disputed plot of land to Belgium.
This tiny piece of land was the northern third of a single cow-paddock in
the far west of the commune of Baarle-Nassau.
Until 1995 Belgian maps did not show it as Belgian, nor did Dutch. The
current Dutch 1:25 000 map locates it in the wrong place!
See Dutch 1:25 000 map 50B "Breda", coordinates 1165-3845 where it is shown
(incorrectly) as a quadrilateral of forest. It should correctly be the top
third of the field 100m NE of this, containing the 'ag' in the words "De
Withagen". On Belgian 1:25 000 map 8/3-4 "Wortel-Weelde" it is not shown,
but should be at 1825-2377.5
2 points (1 for who owns and hosts it, 1 for decent description of its
location).

15) When did Switzerland acquire sovereignty over Verena Hof?

The treaty giving the enclave of Verenahof to Switzerland was signed by
Germany and Switzerland on 23/111964
1 point

16) How many enclaves have resulted from the break-up of the USSR, and
which countries do they belong to and exist in?

The Russian cosmodrome in Kazakhstan is leased, not full sovereign
territory as I understand it. Kaliningrad is not an enclave as it has a
coast AND is bordered by more than one country on land.
Nagorno Karabagh is not recognised by anyone apart from Armenia as being
Armenian. Nagorno-Karabaghis claim to be independent and are therefore not
an enclave either.
This leaves 13 true enclaves formed by the dissolution of the USSR into its
component republics:
1 of Lithuania in Belarus, in the western 'armpit' of the Lithuanian
salient into Belarus SE of Vilna
1 of Russia in Belarus west of Gomel/Homel
3 of Azerbaijan in Armenia, 1 being north of Nakhichevan, the other 2 west
of the main border
1 of Armenia in Azerbaijan, south of the 2 Azeri ones above
1 of Tajikistan in Uzbekistan in the far north of Tajikistan
2 of Tajikistan in Kyrgyzia, in the SW of the latter (one the town of
Vorukh, the other a tiny fragment)
4 of Uzbekistan in Kyrgyzia, in the southern arm of the latter, east of the
Tajiki ones above: 2 are towns: Shakimardan and Sokh, the others both tiny
fragments nearby.
2 points total (1 if you got some, 2 if you got most/all)

17) Assume every international boundary has at least one legally accessible
road across it. At how many boundaries is it necessary to change the side
of the road one drives on, when crossing?

UK-France in the chunnel and other bridge or tunnel borders do not count.
China-HK and China-Macao are no longer international borders, but both
require a change of side in driving.
Tanzania-Zaire is a lake border, not a land border for its entirety, so
does not fit our definition either.
According to the text of my main source, Somalia drives on the right.
However the map and list gives it as driving on the left. I will follow the
text. This eliminates the Somalia-Ethiopia and Somali-Djibouti borders and
adds Kenya-Somalia
If you consider India owns all of Kashmir, then the Sino-Paki border does
not exist, but as the Karakorum pass is currently accessible to tourists, I
will consider this a de facto case, if not de jure, and it replaces the
Indo-Afghani case that would exist otherwise (de jure but not defacto??)
Source: Kincaid, Peter (1986) "The rule of the road", Greenwood Press, NY,
1986.
There are also various lists on the web and your local auto club will also
have information on this.

I count 26:
Guyana-Venezuela and -Brazil
Surinam-Brazil and -French Guiana
Thailand-Myanmar, -Laos and -Cambodia
Bangladesh-Myanmar
India-Myanmar and -China
Bhutan-China
Nepal-China
Pakistan-China [or India-Afghanistan, see above], Pakistan-Afghanistan and
-Iran
Namibia-Angola
Zambia-Angola and -Zaire
Tanzania-Rwanda and -Burundi
Uganda-Rwanda, -Zaire and -Sudan
Kenya-Sudan, -Ethiopia and -Somalia
Thus 4 in the Americas, 3 in SE Asia, 8 in S.Asia and 11 in Africa

2 points (1 for some, 2 for most/all)

18) What was the reasoning behind the creation of the Leticia salient?

It gave Colombia access to the Amazon. A number of interesting border kinks
in South America, like Africa, were meant to give countries access to river
systems. Bolivia has a few smaller ones.
1 point

19) Why was Llivia not given to France despite the 1659 Treaty of the
Pyrenees?

It was a town, not a village and the treaty specified Spain ceding 33
'villages' of which Llivia was listed as one. Thus the legalists declared
the treaty did not affect Llivia.
See Sahlins, P (1989)"Boundaries, the making of France and Spain in the
Pyrenees" and Catudal (1979) "The exclave problem of western Europe"
1 point

20) Some countries have more than one border with the same neighbour. Apart
from (true) enclaves, name all current examples of countries having
separate border segments with the same neighbour. As an example, from
1918-1939, Germany had 2 separate borders with Poland: Germany
proper/Poland, and East Prussia/Poland.

This was asking how many countries have a border with a neighbour that is
interrupted by the sea or another state.
France-Spain (Andorra interrupts it)
Azerbaijan-Armenia (Nakhichevan and Azerb. proper)
Azerbaijan-Iran (ditto)
Switzerland-Austria (Liechtenstein interrupts it)
Russia-China (Mongolia interrupts)
Oman-UAE (Musandam Peninsula and Oman proper)
Brunei-Malaysia (Brunei is in 2 pieces)
East Timor-Indonesia (E.Timor and Oecussi-Ambeno)
Zaire-Angola (Angola and Cabinda)
Spain-Morocco (Ceuta and Melilla)
US-Canada (Alaska and 'the lower 48')
India-China (3 separate sections!)
Ukraine-Romania (Moldova interrupts)
Cyprus-UK (2 UK sovereign bases)
Mozambique-South Africa (Swaziland interrupts)
Croatia-Yugoslavia (Bosnia interrupts)
Croatia-Bosnia (Bosnia's sea access interrupts)
Northern Cyprus-Cyrpus (there is a small Turk Rep Nth Cyp beachhead in the
NW of the island)


2 points total(1 for some, 2 for most/all)

TOTAL 28 points for this section


By Popular Demand: For these questions, which are all hypothetical, submit
your own personal answer. Each answer will score points equal to the number
of persons submitting that answer. If there are no common answers to a
question, then everyone submitting an answer scores 1 point. Eg if 4 people
say 'Guinea Bissau', 2 say 'Tuvalu' and one says 'Malta' for one of the
questions below, then the former 4 people each score 4 points, and the next
2 each score 2 points, and the latter person scores 1. These are as much
about thinking what everyone else will guess, as about being 'right'.
Collaboration or conferring is NOT allowed.

21) The first boundary treaty of 2001 will be between which countries?

No answers were repeated, so all entries score 1 point

22) The first boundary war of 2001 will be between which countries?

India/Pakistan/Kashmir and Israel/Palestine were each submitted twice, so
those players score 2 points each, the rest 1

23) What will be the next country to become independent?

Palestine and Montenegro each scored 2 points, the rest 1

24) What will be the next countries/territories to merge into one?

Belarus/Russia scores 2 points, the rest 1


With 5 quiz entries, the maximum possible score in this section was 5pts
per question x 4 questions = 20 points. The minimum, if you submitted any
answer at all was 4.


The winner of last year's (!) quiz, with a highly credible score of 29 is
Bernhard Lurssen of Langenhagen, Germany!!!

Highly commended's go to the others who were brave enough to send in answers:
Rolf Palmer 26
Arif Samad 24.5
Darren Cawthorne 19.5
Martina Skok 13.5
(half points were for answers not quite specific enough)

The rest of you on the list score an unhappy 0 and a slap on the wrist!

I am, of course, open to cries of "you're wrong!" from any one wanting to
debate the answers.
But in the meantime, if Bernhard cares to send me a postal address, I will
issue him with the highly coveted 1st prize: the booklet "Rule of Jungle"
(1995) by Amar Roy Pradhan, MP, which is the story of the Cooch Behar
enclaves told by the man who has represented Cooch Behar in state and
central Indian parliaments for 40 years and who has been at the forefront
of the attempts to make the Indian govt ratify the 1974 Accord of Q1 above,
and exchange them. It contains a couple of maps, a list of enclaves and
their areas, some other documents and the history and current status of the
enclaves and their inhabitants (now don't the rest of you wish you HAD
entered after all?).


Anyone else wanting a copy of this booklet for themselves or their library
should write to Mr Roy Pradhan at:
Shri Amar Roy Pradhan, MP
8, Dr. B.D. Marg
New Delhi 110 001
India


Thank you to those who entered the quiz. I hope you had fun, or at least
learnt something!

Brendan Whyte
Geography Dept
University of Melbourne
Vic 3010
AUSTRALIA