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Subject:

archaeometallography in Russia

From:

Vladimir Zavyalov <[log in to unmask]>

Reply-To:

Arch-Metals Group <[log in to unmask]>

Date:

Tue, 17 Jul 2001 06:16:38 +0100

Content-Type:

text/plain

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text/plain (76 lines)

Dear collegues,
I should like to call your attention information:

THE ARCHAEOMETALLOGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN RUSSIA
Basic archaeometallographical researches of products manufactured of black
metal in Russia are carried out in the Laboratory of Natural Sciences of
the Institute of Archaeology of RAS (N.N.Terekhova, L.S. Rozanova,
V.I.Zavyalov) in present. The works of this group cover a wide scope of
problems, including chronological ones (practically from introduction of
iron artefacts till the New Time), as well as their geographical
distribution in European part of Russia).
The important stage in study of ancient smithery was marked by the
collective monograph "Essays on  History of Ancient Ironworking in Eastern
Europe " (Terekhova et al., 1997). Long-term metallographic studies by the
scientists of the countries of FSU are summarised in it. One of the
important results of the work was revealing the main stages in history of
blacksmith craft.
During past five years (1995-2000) the Terekhov's group studies the process
of interaction of traditions and innovations in blacksmith craft considered
as the reflections of cultural contacts.
The fundamental work dealing with problems of traditions and innovations
was carried out basing on the materials from Finno-Ugrian sites. The
obtained results have allowed to maintain, that innovating impulses in the
sphere  of ironworking were not, as a rule, developed by the local
population. In the field of the blacksmith craft the Finno-Ugrian world is
considered as rather conservative.
Within the framework of the mentioned direction the research of
characteristic of the craft centres, interaction in different regions of
Northeast Rus was fulfilled. The received data have led to a conclusion,
that in interaction of the various craft centres the essential factor was
played stability of local traditions and integration of the concrete craft
centre within wide sphere of trade communications, as well as the
geographical and chronological factors.
The following block of questions relates to the classical period. The
materials from the sites of  the Bosporan Kingdom south-east periphery have
been investigated metallographically. This research is directed, was aimed
at establishing of a role of the Bosporan colonisation in development of
the local ironworking. Proceeding from the archaeometallographical
researches it was established, that local blacksmith traditions were formed
in the 5th c. BC. They are characterised by use of simple technological
patterns and conservative character. The influence of different cultures,
including classical world, are not observed in local blacksmith's craft
before the 1st c. BC. Certain changes took place only at the turn of the
1st c. BC and the 1st c. AD.
Among the peripheral scientific centres, where archaeometallographical
studies actively developed in the past years, it is necessary to point to
Ulyanovsk, Pskov, Izhevsk and Kemerovo.
The researches by Yu.A.Semykin's (Ulyanovsk) are devoted to blacksmith's
craft in the Volga Bulgaria. The author has convincingly proved, that the
Bolgars ironworking developed from tribal craft toward the advanced
production – the basis of economy of the Volga Bulgaria. On early stages of
craft traditions, formation in this state was influenced by blacksmith
traditions of the Bulgarian nomads of Khazaria, and some native  Finno-
Ugrian tribes also.
The T.Yu.Zakurina's works (Pskov) deal with blacksmith craft of Pskov. The
researches of this author bring in the appreciable contribution to the
study of ironworking of ancient Russian cities.
S.E.Perevoshchikov (Izhevsk) carried out the work devoted to ironworking of
the Kama-Vyatka region population in the Middle Ages.
N.M.Zinyakov (Kemerovo) studies a history of black metallurgy and metal
working of the West Siberia tribes. The results of long-term researches are
published in the book "Black metallurgy and blacksmith craft of West
Siberia". In the monograph the level of iron-producing industry and
evolution of blacksmith technology in the territory of West Siberia from
the mid 1st mill. BC up to the mid 2nd mill. AD is shown.
As a whole, we should ascertain appreciable activization of
archaeometallographical researches in Russian Federation in the last years
of the XX century. It is obviously important, that the scientists pass from
particular technological themes to statement and solving historical
problems, such as craft formation and development, traditions and
innovations in ironworking, influence of historical situation upon craft.
The successes achieved in the field of ancient metal investigation once
again confirm the opinion, that significant successes in this area are
possible only by co-operation and joint of efforts constant  scientific
exchange and drawing complex sources related to the problems in question.

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